Teaching People of Other Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teaching People of Other Cultures - Essay Examplenner World of the Immigrant Child. This work testament degree the important factors to consider while teaching English in a class of people from other cultures.The first thing I growed was the requirement to dig deep into their background. According to Igoa every teacher involved with people of a different culture must first seek to understand the fundamental principle of the culture from which his/her students are drawn. Here I learned that the various cultures offer distinct values that an english teacher needs to understand in separate to avoid a case where a student feels offended by being forced to abandon a value he/she that has been part and pathway of his/her past life. I understood how serious this idea is when relating to Igoas experience as an immigrant student. In her confession she stated I come from other land, another culture. I have been unearthed and am a seedling in a new land. The change upsets the kind of li fe I had. It is hard to go into the classroom (Christine pg.190). found on this statement I learned that the entire process of introducing a student to learning a new language is frustrating and will gum olibanum require help of the teacher to ensure a smooth transition. Still in the same idea, every English teacher apart from knowing who his/her students very are and where they came from, need to establish how much knowledge of the new Langiuage they have, and how to help them move forward.(Christine Pg.7). I believe that if this is considered carefully, the process of orienting students to the new language will progress with fewer difficulties.The second idea is the need for the teacher to establish a learning environment that will allow students feel relaxed and willing to learn English. I have learned that new culture setting demands new approach and thus teachers should always lead the way in helping immigrants children break-dance the willingness to adapt to the demands of the new culture. As a teacher dealing with such a student, my role is to ensure

How to reflate Frances economy Essay Example for Free

How to reflate Frances economy EssayIntroductionThere be two different ways to help Frances economy get back on track. They are austerity and growth. Austerity programs comprise in a set of policies established by governments in financial debt difficulties. These policies aim to reduce spending for public goods and services. (Example in France, with president Sarkozy, approximately 150.000 civil servants were fired, this slumpd the measuring stick of money used to pay civil servants in France, which in turn, made it possible to run the country without having to borrow as much money). Growth programs consist in increasing the GDP and spending money, to reflate the economy. Of course this money has to come from somewhere, so growth programs often acknowledge imposing a roundabout of taxes. (Example in France, with president Hollande, taxes were imposed on bank profits, and taxes on the richest part of the population were increased). Economists are very divided on this subject , and both of theoretically live on it depends of the situation we are in.Economic ProgramAusterity is a short term solution only a countrys economy cannot desire on it forever. This is why as a president it would be good to start by making the debt of France little, then using this to our advantage, andFirstly, we give birth to sword France more competitive. To do this, we testament qualify the work time of the French, and their minimum age of fork overment. Today, the French work on a minimum basis of 35 hours per week, and retire at a minimum age of 60. To make France more competitive, we volition change these to 40 hours, and an age of 64. The average life span keeps on upgrade thanks to better health care it would only go well for the economy if people were to work a few years more, because there would be less to pay for people who work. The 40 hours pass on be payed the same, because if there were the same amount of workers in a company but all of them had to be p ayed more, the company in question would either lose money in paying them, or fire a part of them.To increase competitivity, we concur to make the price of production in France lower, so that fewer companies send their production in mainland China for example. To do so, we have to lower the national insurance ploughshare payed by the employer to pay his workers in France. Products that are made in France give therefore be more expensive because the workers are payed in France than in China for example. To counter this, we leave add a tax on products (depending on the price of the product) made in countries that have very cheap labor. (China, Vietnam, Turkey, Thailand, etc) This leave transport part of the production back to France, and the loss of money in the lowering of the national insurance contribution will be compensated by the tax.Next, we will reduce the salaries of the ministers and the president. The salaries of the ministers is now of 9940 euros (Under president Hol lande), which will be reduced by 30%, leaving them with 6660 euros per month. The salary of the president is now of 14 910 euros (Under president Hollande) it will be reduced by 40%, leaving the president with 8950 euros per month. We would also stop having mayors in every single city, and do like in the U.S.A, which is to instate a governor for each department. This governor would be in charge of all the cities in his department, and when a decision is to be made, 20 inhabitants of the department will be called, to hold a committee and make the decision. It will be a duty, which means the inhabitants will have to go. This will help the economy, as there will be only one person to pay per department, and not dozens of mayors, it also gives a voice to the citizens in decision making.There are some people who are unemployed in France (10%) and receive unemployment benefit for a very long time, without trying to recollect work. As this does not trigger them to find one because they receive money without doing anything, we will keep on giving this unemployment benefit, but only for 2 months, the time for them to find work. This reform will motivate them to find work, this way they will be productive, therefore helping a company or industry to grow, and money will not be wasted. This change will of course also make unemployment decrease.Small companies are very important to the economy, as they might end up as the next multinationals, but they are heavily taxed, which makes them very hard for them to grow. If we make these taxes smaller, people would be encouraged to start their own companies, and this will create employment. Small companies that are already created will grow faster, and will create jobs, which will make the company itself more productive.These jobs will be there for the population receiving unemployment benefit. There will be a loss if we just relieve taxes on small companies, so we will compensate this by taxing bigger companies, which have al ready emerged, because they will not be affected by a tax as much as a small company. (The tax in question will not be too strong it will just be enough to compensate for the loss in the tax relief on smaller companies)Education is a very important part of the French economy. Schools are here to train the future generations of workers. Access to education is free today in France, but the quality of this education is sometimes questionable. Firstly, there are not enough professors in the schools. It is logical that if there were to be one professor for 25 students, the quality of the education they would receive would be better than today, where we have in average one professor for 30 students.To compensate this lack of professors in schools, we will create 12000 jobs for professors in school this will make the student/professor ratio smaller, which will increase the quality of the education received. To become a professor, you have to be trained two years in a university. This is no t enough, considering the disciplinary problems in some schools. Professors should have 3 years of complete training, which would include a deeper disciplinary course, teaching methods, etcThe principal sphere of influences of production of France are agriculture, energy, tourism, trade and industry (France is one of the first industrial powers worldwide). Mass market retailing is choking the sector of trade, as it attracts the clients of little traders and makes mass profit out of it it also allows itself to buy products at very low prices from producers (Farmers in the case of a supermarket). To collapse this problem, we would add a tax on products bought in mass market retailing services, which would bring clients back to the little traders, so that they dont dice out. Little trades do not buy products as low priced as supermarkets do, which would make money for producers. In the case of a supermarket, the trade and agriculture sector would both benefit from this tax.A French household produces in average 16.4 tons of Co2 every year this is far too much. To avoid this, and hold on the environment, a tax will be imposed on households that end the year with more than 16 tons of course this number will decrease every year to improve the given results. Renewable energies add 13% of the electricity needed in France, nuclear energy provides 76% and fossil fuels provide 11%. We would invest in research for renewable energies (Hydro-energy, wind energy, solar energy), and close down the most risky nuclear reactors. (For example the 4 reactors in Blayais, Braud-et-Saint-Louis, which are not very productive and are very old and unsafe).ConclusionAs a president, I would go towards austerity first, to reduce the debt of France, and to have more possibilities in my actions later. France is already in a dangerous situation, and going into a politic of growth would be spending too much money that we dont have (Which is why I chose austerity as a short term solution), and it would be too much, France would go into a recession. after(prenominal) a period of austerity (Which means after having reduced the debt), I would have gone in a politic of growth, which would have thrown Frances economy back on track.

The Accuracy Of Sensory Information Essay Example for Free

The Accuracy Of Sensory Information EssayThere are many reasons to believe the accuracy of sensory information. Here are three feel, see and smell. Feeling sends a message to your brain letting you know what something is. Just say you have been blind folded and an target (cake) has been placed in front of you. In feeling the object you would be able to tell the texture and what the object is. See provides you with accurate information approximately your surroundings. For instance, if you see individuals playing chess it is certain that they are actu tout ensembley playing. A nonher good example would be children playing kick ball, what you see is what it is. Smelling factor that there could be danger but not in all cases. When there is a desirable smell that could sense that something is cooking or a fragrance. Now there is the type of smell that senses danger.For instance, the smell of smoke destines something is on fire. Now I would describe the inaccuracy of sensory info rmation. In the past we all have jumped to conclusions at some point and time. Just say there is a case where you walk in a room and everyone starts to look at you. Theres no doubt that they are looking at you but you sense that they may be talking about you. Now this could mean that you are just insecure and feel that everyone is against you. Your surroundings can determine the action of your sensual organs. Like going down a street and you gloss that your car is the only one on the street. The first thing pops into mind is maybe this street is closed or everyone is in a building. If the street was closed it looks like there should be some type of signage.Regardless of the sensual organ we are using its not always accurate. This is why we shouldnt be dependent on them. Nature and nurture is a very debatable topic. Research is still being conducted about the debate on nature and nurture. Nature is said to refer to the qualities of an individual. It has been proven that nature not nurture was responsible for intelligence. On the other hand the genes are nature as good which the physical and personality state is. The physical state consist of weight, eye and hair color. Personality state would be how the person is defined to self and others. On a more personal experience that is considered to be nurture. The way that you were raised or the relation to your childhood plays its role. Ones personal traits are predetermine by their genes.Now overall its due to life experiences that define that individual. In my view of nature and nurture I see it as not being stable. There is no doubt that both nature and nurture plays a part in whom we are. When it comes to nurture or otherwise known as environment, it has a higher impact on which we are as individuals. We as humans have brains that all receive a different message. The amount of gentility a person receives doesnt tell exactly their level of intelligence. Now it does have some effects on beliefs, behavior and intelligence. Not the person as a whole does it has an effect on. Its only human that we learn from each other. Being influenced or develop ways of thinking and acting coincides.

Diversity management programs Essay Example for Free

Diversity oversight programs EssayDiversity in the puddleplace is an important aspect of the workplace, which if not followed, could function to a society that doesnt have respect for different cultures. It is important to develop transition trouble programs, were aspects of diversity much(prenominal) as religion, different cultures receivable to outsourcing, age, women and single parents, disabled team members, flexible work hours, are contended which will lead to redesigning jobs to better fit the individual.When developing a conceptual framework for such programs to be go acrossed, it is important to view how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected other countries around the world besides America. According to Begum (2005), social explosive charge organizations in the United Kingdom are affected niftyly by lack of diversity amongst there staff. Information, in the United Kingdom, is not distributed fairly to the population, is distributed on a socio economi c basis. It is important for social care organizations to become assorted in their workforce, if they are to embody the essence of the communities that they serve.Studies have indicated that gender and culture diversity create barriers to effective interactions and hinder employee performance (Managerial Issues, 2000). When outlining a possible course of action to take when implementing diversity management programs within employee workforces, we could include information on how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected countries like the United Kingdom. People tend to feel more comfortable working in groups with volume who administer their ideals and beliefs, which is something I think we are all guilty of at times.I think it is important when outlining the possible courses of action to take when implementing diversity management programs, that employees share their different ideals and beliefs in an open environment. I think that employees sharing their different ideals a nd beliefs help the workforce grow, and the company they work for as well. Michael Bird (2007), a college professor at De Vry University in South Florida, has implemented a diversity management program in which he has developed a five bill program in hostelry to ensure that his team succeeds.Michaels five step program required, these students to one, understand and define diversity, to understand the organizations value and necessities, effectively manage the apology towards, evaluate our overall teams performance, and last of all use the experiences shared to improve or groups management techniques. Flex management should be implemented in order to ensure that people feel like they are assets to the company, and are taken care of prissyly.During the development of a conceptual framework for a diversity management program, teambuilding exercises have proven to be the most effective. It is important for the employees to have different cultural backgrounds and different beliefs, i n order that they may share those with the corporation in which they work. I think that when different cultures, different peoples with different ideas and beliefs, come together and share their ideas, truly inventive things can take place within the corporations they work in.America is a melting pot of different cultures and beliefs, which is what makes our country unique and truly produces unique individuals, tolerant of other peoples beliefs, with truly innovative ideas. One great way to go about instituting diversity management programs within the workplace would be to organize groups within the workplace that shared similar beliefs, and have them share their beliefs as a whole, and attempt to implement any new ideas obtained. The next step after instituting diversity management programs is to organize employees that share the same ideals, and discuss their shared ideals, and find common ground.In order for the employees participating in a diversity management group to share the ir ideas and implement them on a level on which they all agree, it is important that the employees learn to work together and respect each others ideals. With a proper management support, workers can have the proper training in order to train our employees to be more culturally sensitive. It is important that management is effective in their approach to dealing with culturally diverse issues. By training our employees and diversity management, they will benefit greatly.Although most of these successful companies the United States shows significant efforts to include people with disabilities in a diverse workforce, there is still room for improvement. I hope that by implementing this diversity management program within the workplace, policies can be enforced specifying what is meant by diversity, in terms of race or gender, and also provide more information pertaining to those employees that have disabilities. With everybodys help, we can be certain that we can implement this new div ersity management program within the workplace, and that this program will be a success.

Microwave Motion Detector

Micro ramble Motion DetectorCHAPTER NO 1 atomize pitch demodulator (MMD)1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Microwave Motion Detector (MMD) is a true atomize Doppler vector and receiver, solves difficult detection problems easily with the cook question detector, aesthesiss whatsoever mournful tree trunk be it a person, animal, car, bicycle or extra-terrestrial.1.2 WHY MICROWAVE act DETECTORUnderstanding basic home security outdo practices could mean the difference between keeping your home safe and becoming the victim of a break-in. Start protecting your home better by exploring our al-Qaida Security Basics section which provides a good foundation of knowledge on everything from security cameras to outdoor lighting options that help prevent break-ins before they happen. I the light of above detail we have a requirement of autonomous microwave oven motion detector to prevent our assets from terrorism and any other casing damage or robbery.1.3 PROJECT GOALThe major goal of this project is to design an autonomous Motion Detection setup, that forget be able to sense the motion of any moving object (person, car bicycle or extra-terrestrial) in the designated atomic number 18a or designated range.In our project we have utilize divers(prenominal) type of small size electronics (Diodes, Transistors, FETs, Resistor, Capacitors and Operational Amplifiers) to complete the setup and to make a smart and precise design of MMD.1.4 PRINCIPLE OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTORThe system emits microwave energy that completely fills its area of detection, much analogous ultrasonic sensors. A Gunn crystal rectifier emits energy in the x-range, similar in effect to Doppler frequency shifts. Any disturbance ca utilizationd by movement within the field of detection may activate the terror system/Buzzer. Despite fears held by many, these sensors do not adversely affect humans and pacemakers.1.5 SPECIFICTION True microwave Doppler shift operation Unaffected by heat, light, vowelize , humidity or temperature A real microwave transmitter/receiver runs at 1 GHz Runs on 9 to 15 volts DC ideal for car burglar alarms1.6 REQUIREMENTS DC Voltage, (+9V to +15V). Oscilloscope DC 2 to 200MHz to monitor the familial signal of oscillator and observe waveform of different stages of Microwave Motion Detector. BNC plug to BNC plug cable 75 Ohms, 1 thousand1.7 APPLICATIONS OF MMDThe chief applications programmes for MMD have been accustomed bellow. Detection of unauthorized entry in our home, Offices and other dependant buildings. Detection of moving object which triggers a Camera to usher subsequent events or to hunt a Buzzer/Alarm, LED, Laser Diode etc. This relatively inexpensive and the MMD sewer easily be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices.1.8 BREIF HISTORY OF MOTION DETECTION Motion sight be detected by measuring mixed bag in speed or vector of an objector objects in field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical d evices that physically, interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantify and mea trusteds changes in the given environment.1.9 PREVIOUS METHODS OF MOTION DETECTIONDifferent methods of motion detection were used in past. These are given bellow. Some methods have been obsolete. Some methods are still in used. 1.9.1 MECHANICAL DEVICESA tripwire is a plain form of motion detector. When an object steps into the tripwire s sensory field (i.e, trips the wire), then a simple sound device might alert to the user.1.9.2 ELECTRONIC DEVICESThe principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection an acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technologies may be used for optical detection. Microwaves are one of the best tools for motion detection.CHAPTER NO 2DOPPLER THEORY AND RADIATION PATTERN2.1 DOPPLER THEORYThe operation of the MMD is based on a physical scheme known as the Doppler marrow. In its simplest form the Doppler theory states t hat as sound, light or even radio waves are reflected back by a moving object, the frequency of these waves will be different from the frequency when the object is stationary. As the object moves away the frequency will decrease and if the object moves toward you, the frequency will increase. This effect is demonstrated very visibly (or should we imagine audibly) by a train whistle passing you. This change in frequency is due to the waves cosmos either stretched or compressed as they leave the moving object. Compressing the waves closer will have the effect of increasing the perceived frequency enchantment stretching the waves will cause the frequency to appear lower. This is obviously not the place for an in depth discussion of Doppler theory Just be sensible that it is the basis for the operation of the MMD. In fact, with an oscilloscope you can actually see this frequency change at U1 pin 10.Another phenomenon associated with waves is called the Doppler Effect. Imagine standi ng tight fitting a train track, and a train approaches you with its whistle blowing. The pitch of sound waves is associated with the frequency of the wave the higher the pitch, the higher the frequency.Thus, as the train approaches the frequency of the sound wave you hear is higher, and as it recedes the frequency is lower. This can be pictured by the following diagram.In this 2.1 the circles represent, as viewed from above, the crests of adjacent waves. Thus, if you are standing to the right, with the wave source moving towards you, more waves reach you per flash, which intend that the frequency you hear is higher.Conversely, if you stand to the left, with the wave source moving away from you, fewer waves reach you per second and the frequency you hear is lower.2.2 TYPICAL RADIATION PATTERN.The microwave motion detector racing circuit radiates the microwave frequency from an omni directional approach so the radiation convention for the electromagnetic waves is given as under. 2.3 RADIATION SAFETYMicrowave radiation from the faculty is well below established safety standards for general public environment, like ANSI C95.1-1991 of USA and NRPB-G11 of United Kingdom.2.4 HANDLINGThe staff is an electrostatic sensitive device (ESD). Precautions shall be observed for handling and assembly. Use the circuit module in an electromagnetic interference free environment to avoid errors in detection.2.5 FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENTThe module can be improved to calculate the speed of the moving object. This can also be used to find the direction of the moving object some additional circuitry is required for these functions.CHAPTER NO 3HARDWARE DESIGN OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTORIn this section it has been tried to cover hardware related topics of MMD. That is given below separately.3.1 MMD BLOCK DIAGRAMThe freeze down diagram of the MMD has been shown in the followingThe detail of block diagram has been shown in the following section.3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM BRIEF DESCRIPTIONThe MMD consists of eight (08) major blocks. Power bump offer unit Oscillator Transceiver Mixer Buffer amplifier Band pass amplifier Output Drive Amplifier Signal indicator/ Interfacing circuitry3.2.1 Power Supply UnitThis unit provides required bring home the bacon voltages for some(prenominal) circuit stages. Source required for the operation of this circuit is from +9v to +15v dc. It is responsible of biasing for all stages of the system. We can use dc battery or built in billet supply for this system. This property of the system do it portable device for motion detection.3.2.2 OscillatorThis section of the circuit gos the frequency near 1Ghz.Crystal oscillator is used to generate the required frequency. option of this oscillator is due to its compact size , low cast and availability of the this component in the market.3.2.3 TransceiverThe microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional practice session from the antenna. Then th e redirected waves are also received by the same antenna.3.2.4 MixerReceived frequency is mixed with the transmitted frequency.3.2.5 Buffer AmplifierFrequency generated by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit.3.2.6 Band Pass AmplifierFrequency distorted by the mixer is amplified and buffered in this section of the circuit. The band of frequencies passed from the stage is between 10Hz to 40Hz.3.2.7 Output Drive AmplifierThis amplifier attempts the yield stage.3.2.8 Signal Indicator/Interfacing circuitsThe detected motion is indicated in the form of an LED glow or it can be port wined with an interfacing signal that could be some alarm system, camera etc.3.3 MMD CIRCUIT DIAGRAMThe circuit diagram has been generated in Protell / P-CAD.3.4 PARTS LISTS3.4.1 CAPACITORS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY10.01 uF Disk capacity (marked .01 or 103 or 10nf)C3, C8, C15, C180420.1 uF disk capacitor (marked .1 or 104)C11, C12, C200332.0 pF. or 2.2 pf. disk capacitorC 6, C702422 pF. disk capacitorC50151.0 uF electrolytic capacitorC16, C1702610.0 uF electrolytic capacitorC1, C2, C9, C10, C13, C14067220 uF electrolytic capacitorC40181000 uF electrolytic capacitorC19013.4.2 RESISTORS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1220 Ohm (red-red brown)R2012470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown)R1, R150231K Ohm (brown-black-red)R6, R7, R11, R200444.7K Ohm (yellow-violet-red)R1201510K Ohm (brown-black-orange)R4, R14, R16, R19, R2105647K Ohm (yellow-violet-orange)R3017100K Ohm (brown-black-yellow)R5, R17, R18038470K Ohm (yellow-violet-yellow)R130191 Mega Ohm (brown-black-green)R9, R10021010K great dealR8013.4.3 SEMICONDUCTORS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1Diode 1SS99 (clear glass body with black and blue bands)D1012Diode 1N4148 (glass body with single black band)D2013LEDD30142N3904 NPN transistorQ1, Q20252SC2498 or 2570 NPN UHF transistorQ3016BS170 FET transistorQ8017LM-324 op-ampU1013.4.4 HARDWARE AND MISCELLANEOUS LISTS.DESCRIPTIONDESIGNATORQTY1MMD Printed Circuit Board0 12Connector 6 rowlockJ-1013Connector 2 PinJ-2013.5 MMD PARTS LAYOUT COMPOMENT STUFFINGGUIDE DIAGRAM3.6 CONSTRUCTION OF THE MMD CIRCUITThe following steps have been taken for the bodily structure of the MMD main circuit in the light of the PCB layout given in the previous 3.31.2.3.3.13.23.33.43.53.63.6.1 Check off each step as understood and completed. Examine the move layout diagram for parts location on the PC board. In all steps, install means to carefully insert the part into the correct hole, join the leads to the PC board and trim away the excess lead wire.3.6.2 Use good soldering techniques let your soldering iron tip heat each conjunction wire enough so that the wire itself and PC board circuit trace BOTH become hot enough to melt the applied solder. The solder should flow smoothly around the lead wire and PC board trace.3.6.3 Orient the circuit board as shown in parts layout diagram.3.6.4 Install the LED, with the long-acting lead towards potentiometer R8. Leave the leads about 3/4 long if you are using the MMD case.3.6.5 Install sensitivity control R8, 10K potentiometer. R8 acts as a mess control, adjusting the level of Doppler shift signal being applied to amplifier and switching portions of the MMD.3.6.6 Install J1, 6 pin connector.3.6.7 Install C1, 10uF electrolytic capacitor. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and must be installed correctly. Usually PC layouts will show where the + lead should go while the capacitor itself will usually indicate the lead. In any case, be sure you observe correct polarity.3.6.8 Install Q2, 2N3904. Orient the flat side of the transistors as shown on parts layout diagram. Q2 has an interesting function, being connected as a zener rectifying tube The reversed biased base-emitter junction on a silicon transistor behaves as a low originator zener crystal rectifier with a breakdown voltage in the 6 to 8 volt range. 3.6.9 Install Q1, 2N3904 Orient the flat side as shown. Q1 acts as a power supply filter a nd regulator for the op-amp IC chip, U1.3.6.10 Install R1, 470 Ohm (yellow-violet-brown).3.6.11 Install Q8, BS170 and orient the flat side as shown.Q8 is a power transistor.3.6.12 MOSFET that controls the external vitiate you connect to your MD3. 3.6.13 MOSFET is used since, as the load is turned on and off, a regular bipolar transistor will cause the MD3 to see itself. This is due to the diode switching action in a bipolar transistors base-emitter junction. 10. Install C20, .1uF capacitor (marked .1 or 104). 2.3 Power supply (General Purpose) Circuit Operation.In the above 3.4 a catch of the main PCB have been shown. In this preview the portable battery has also been shown.3.7 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITThe supply is provided by using a transformer with output 20v+20V, 2A leading to a distributed power supply circuit (for general purpose supply) that provides outputs +15V,-15v, +12V, +9V connected to 50Hz, 220 VAC supply mains.The power supply circuit consists of bridge rectifier that provides +20v and -20v with 2A ratings.3.7.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITThe block diagram of the power supply unit has been shown in the following 3.7.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITIn the following a circuit diagram of general purpose power supply has been shown in the 3.6. The circuit diagram has been designed in the Protel Software.3.7.3 POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLED PCBThe preview of the assembled power supply unit has been shown in the 3.7.3.8 ALTERNATE PORTABLE POWER SUPPLYAn alternate supply can be used instead of a self made supply we can use a +9 Volt Battery to power up the circuit. In this circuit battery is used for simplicity.In the far area or the area where AC power source is not available we are required to used this portable battery for a gip period of time because the life of this battery is to short for proper working of MMD for a long period.CHAPTER NO 4ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS AND USER manual(a)44.1 ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE MMDAfter the st uFfing of PCB test the Microwave motion detector PCB on your workbench for the verification of the design and reliability of components used in the stuFfing of PCB. If the testing is assured to be perfect now it is the time to assemble the PCB of microwave motion detector in a casing. there are three parts of the Assembly of the microwave motion detector. Composites Box Power Supply PCB Microwave Motion Detector PCB Power ON/ arrive at switch Motion indicator LED (Green LED)This street corner is made of fiber (Composites material).4.2.1 POWER SUPPLY PCBIn the following 4.2 assembled Power supply unit has been shown.4.2.2 MOTION DETECTOR PCBIn the following 4.2 assembled Main MMD PCB has been shown.Assemble the box in the following steps. quite a little the power supply PCB on the bottom of the box Mount the Microwave Motion Detector PCB in the box Mount the power switch on the box Mount the indicator LED on the box at the last. Final assembly is shown inn the .In the following 4.3 assembled MMD system has been shown. The MMD has been shown in the working conditions in a room, means it is sensing the movement of a moving body and giving its response of motion sensing by glowing up the LED.4.3 INSTRUCTION MANUALA switch is placed in the path of DC power so that the power can be saved in the time when the device is not in use. Turn off the switch after using the device and turn it on before using this device. The green light will glow automatically for approximately 5 seconds soon after bout on the device. This indication is not for a moving object but this light glows as a function of turning on the device.The Microwave motion detector is operated in the case where a moving object is needed to sense. In our design the circuit antenna is put in the position that it can sense a motion within the range of 2 meters approximately. When an object is moved within this range the motion is sense by the design and a green light blinks on the panel of the box. This is an indication for the moving object. It can sense another motion approximately 10 seconds after the first motion is sensed. For better sensitivity this device may be used in the electromagnetic interference free environment so that the waves cannot interfere in the produced frequency of the device. Also it must be operated in the vibration free environment so that its antenna must be in static condition if it is in the vibration itself it will sense the motion when nothing is in moving condition, it is due the motion of its own antenna that the frequency is transmitted and received itself by the moving antenna and the green light on the panel keeps on glowing that is an operator fault and can be rectified by placing the device on a balanced plane surface.A special care for the Microwave Motion detector is that operate the circuit in the box and never use the PCB alone because this PCB needs special care for the electrostatic charge. An external supply port may be given in the bo x so that a regulated DC power can also be applied externally to the device. For external power be careful about the polarity of the given DC power.CHAPTER NO 5OPERATION OF MICROWAVE MOTION DETECTOR5.1 WORKING PRINCPAL OF MICROWAVE front man DETECTORMicrowave generating and receiving module generates and transmits a microwave signal which is reflected by a moving target and received back by the module. The module comprises a disc-form Shottky diode or Gunn diode acting as both oscillator and mixer and forming part of micro strip circuitry and signal processing circuitry which processes the reflected signal to extract applicable target information. The signal processing circuitry can be physically displaced from the module and connected to it by a coaxial line. By operating the diode in the diplex mode the requisite target information can be provided for with a compact construction.A microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in gene rating and transmitting a microwave signal to be intercepted and reflected by a moving target and for receiving the reflected microwave signal from state target, wherein the microwave generating and receiving module comprises micro strip circuitry in combining with a diode acting as both an oscillator and a mixer, said detector further comprising modulating means for modulating the generated microwave signal so that quantitive information as to target range, swiftness and direction can be obtained, whereby the detector operates in conformity with a diplex configuration, wherein said detector includes a transmitter for transmitting the modulate generated microwave signal, and wherein the modulating means repetitively switches the transmitter of the microwave generating and receiving module between two frequencies to provide a signal having two spectral lines separated by gaps between the frequencies. This imposture relates to a microwave movement detector particularly although not exclusively for use as an intruder alarm.An object of the present invention is to provide a microwave movement detector which is sensitive and reliable in operation til now which can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner with a conveniently small and compact format.5.2 GENERAL STUDY RELATED TO THE MMD fit to one aspect of the invention therefore a microwave movement detector comprises a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such(prenominal) target, in which the module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Shottky diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and also as a mixer.With this arrangement, great operational sensitivity and reliability can be achieved and yet the module can be constructed in a simple and inexpensive manner as a conveniently small and compact device. In one build the module may be in t he form of a thin disc having a thickness of, say 0.5 cm, and a diam which may be as small as about 3 cm.The said module may be connected to signal processing circuitry antiphonal to the relationship between the transmitted and reflected signals, for example so as to produce an output whenever target movement is detected, or only so as to produce an output when one or more parameters of such movement (range, velocity, direction) are of a predetermined nature or changes in a predetermined manner. close conveniently, said signal processing circuitry may be provided in the form of a signal processing module separate from the aforesaid generating and receiving module, and, in accordance with one embodiment, the two modules may be up to 100 m away from each other and interconnected by a simple coaxial or twin cable. The signal processing module may be powered by mains supply, or a 12 V d.c. battery or otherwise as appropriate, and such module may also act to supply operating power to the generating and receiving module.The output produced by the signal processing module may be utilized for alarm purposes to actuate a separate remote warning bell or siren or buzzer or the like. Alternatively, if desired, the movement detector of the invention may incorporate an alarm module connected to the said signal processing module and arranged to produce spiel warning tone when actuated by said output. Such alarm module may incorporate a stand-by rechargeable battery.As mentioned above, the detector of the invention may operate in the manner of a simple Doppler detector sensitive only to movement, but preferably the transmitted microwave signal is modulated so that quantitative information as to range, velocity and direction can be obtained, the detector thereby operating in accordance with a diplex configuration. With such diplex configuration, advantageously the requisite information can be obtained with a particularly simple construction.In accordance with one embodimen t of the invention, the diplex, configuration is such that the transmitter is repetitively switched between two frequencies say 3 MHZ apart at X-band to give two discrete spectral lines separated by 3 MHZ . The magnitude of such frequency difference may be decreased with increase in the level best range to be measured (beyond say 25 m). The reflected signal from a moving target results, after mixing in the Shottky diode, in a reflected signal which is a composite of two Doppler signals sampled sequentially at the modulation rate (say 10 kH Z ). The relative phase of these Doppler signals provides range and velocity sense information, whilst the Doppler beat frequency is proportional to the target velocity relative to the detector. The switching of the transmitter between the two frequencies may be achieved by square-wave modulation of the Shottky diode bias current. With such square-wave modulation particularly simple video circuitry may be used, however sinusoidal modulation may a lternatively be used and this allows improved range resolution without reducing the maximum unambiguous range.With regard to the Shottky diode, this may be a conventional barrier injection transit time device formed from a p + np + construction. Alternatively, a specially fabricated ion-implanted device or an electron type Shottky diode may be utilized.While the utilization of a Shottky diode constitutes an inwrought feature of the first aspect of the present invention, it has been found that the utilization of a Gunn diode (i.e. a transfer electron diode) may be advantageous in the context of the present invention in the case where microstrip circuitry of diplex configuration (as described above) is also utilized. Thus, and in accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a microwave movement detector comprising a microwave generating and receiving module for use in generating a transmitted microwave signal to be intercepted by a moving target and for receiving a reflected microwave signal from such target, in which the said module comprises microstrip circuitry in combination with a Gunn diode arranged to act both as an oscillator and as a mixer, said circuitry being of diplex configuration.Whilst it is anticipated that the present invention will find particular application in the context of an intruder alarm such as a burglar alarm, it is to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to this field of application and the detector of the invention may be utilized for detecting movement of persons or vehicles or any other suitable targets in any suitable environment for any suitable purpose. When utilized as an intruder alarm the said generating and receiving module, due to its contingent small size, can be easily and conveniently concealed. Also multiple such modules may be utilized together to enable a large area to be protected. By virtue of the range gate facility, false alarms can be minimized. In the case where the invention is applied to the monitoring of vehicles, a standard Doppler format may be used. Selective monitoring can be achieved by virtue of the direction sense of the detector, and the range gate facility is useful in distinguishing vehicles in a cluttered environment. In the case where the invention is applied to the counting of persons entering or leaving an enclosure, due to the direction sense of the detector it is possible to distinguish between persons entering and leaving.Due to the use of the Shottky diode in diplex mode in microstrip circuitry, and having regard to the fact that the diode acts both as oscillator and mixer, a particularly simple, inexpensive and compact construction results.It is of course to be understood that the invention is not intended to be restricted to the details of the above embodiment which are described by way of example only.5.3 THE MMD HOW OUR DESIGN WORKS3.2.1 All the RF magic is accomplished with Q3 and D1. Q3 is a free runnin g microwave oscillator operating at a frequency of approximately 1.0 GHz. The frequency is determined by the length of the etched strip line and the lead lengths (inductance) of the associated oscillator components.3.2.2 The microwave RF energy that is developed by the oscillator is radiated in an omni-directional pattern from the antenna. This radiated energy will fill the surrounding area with radio waves. These waves will be reflected back toward the antenna.3.2.3 hithers where the Doppler Effect comes in. If within that area there is an object that is moving, the waves that are reflected will either be higher in frequency if the object is moving closer or lower if moving away. The MD3 doesnt really care which direction it is only looking for a frequency difference.3.2.4 The radiated signal and the redirected signal are mixed at diode D1. The difference in the two frequencies provides the input to U1 C pin 10. This frequency (the difference) is in the range of 10 Hz to 40 Hz. U1 C is the amplifier that feeds the sensitivity potentiometer R8.3.2.5 Transistors Q1 and Q2 function as a very precise voltage regulator providing the proper bias to the amplifiers.3.2.6 U1 D functions as a band pass filter and amplifier. Buffer amplifier U1 A provides the drive to output transistor Q4.CHAPTER 6 INTERFACING TECHNIQUESIf we want to extend this project at higher level we are required to interface the MMD circuit output with the extended circuitry with the help of following circuit diagrams.(THESE TECHENQUES HAS NOT BEEN USED IN OUR PROJECT)6.1 INTERFACING CIRCUITSThe MD-3 output transistor provides a pulse when motion is sensed. Here a probably asked question is, How do I make it do something? We can interface this circuit with many other circuits a few examples are given below.6.1.1 Interfacing with the relay can drive another circuit it may be a light, a camera, an alarm system etc.6.1.2 The microwave motion detector circuit can be interfaced with a transistor (PNP o r NPN).This transistor act as a relay it can also drive some other circuits it could be a light or any security system or an automatic door opening system.7.1 CONCLUSION

Concepts on pilgrimage as a social process

Concepts on excursion as a complaisant touch onTo what intent do food turners theorys of liminality and communitas cast light on pilgrimage as a social process? The constructs of liminality and comunitas is evanescent, like a wisp of smoke in the wind. (Shure, 2005) It attempts to achieve somewhat formalization of a social process in a theoretically perspective, though academically this can be achieved it is very hard to master the spacious and in-depth concept of the pilgrimage. As all academic essays require the clear and standard definition of the irresolution, turners concepts testament after be explained and furthermore the meaning behind two the pilgrimage and social process will be dealt with in detail. Turner draws on concepts of Van Genneps model of rites of passage liminality is a state of transition argued by Turner, it is uncomplete here nor there they atomic number 18 betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and cere monial. (Turner, 1969, p. 95) The attempt of the essay will show how the liminality identifies itself as termination of transition with the social process of a pilgrimage, identify the equality and communitas will attempt to illustrate the process of a pilgrimage, however is structure truly mixed-up during a pilgrimage and what is the concept of a social process and does a pilgrimage really fit into this definition, is a pilgrimage virtuoso of equality and individualization or that of a structured formation or a social experience.The rite of passage, focuses on the fact that a member of a group neither belongs to the group she was a part of or the group she will belong to after the luminal stage has been completed. A typical liminal stage can be seen as the child between becoming an adult and staying a child, puberty as a liminal stage in every individual persons own look pilgrimage. (Turner V. E., 1978) Continuing with the fantasy of liminal periods peerless can observe that in Mary Douglas Purity and Danger, illustrates that the individual is a polluting force on the external groups as liminal individuals be of no status, insigniakinship position, nothing to demarcate them structurally (Turner V. , The forst of symbols Aspects of Ndembu ritual, 1967, p. 98) Liminality, In the use of Van Genneps model of the three, Turner illustrates the phases of the ritual, the ritual is an catalyst and exemplifies the transitional period. The transitional period is identify as the liminal period. (Turner V. , 1967, p. 94) Seclusion from everyday life is a typical consequence to the liminal period which is the attempt to remove the individual from the society, subsequently forcing the individual into an interior pilgrimage of development of self. The application of classification is often used, in doing so this continues the transition and the removal of previous identity, furthermore denoting the status of transition. Turner develops this concept further in the ambi guity that is suggested, the concept of seclusion, and the non identification of the individual of gender or class. Turner continues to suggest the equality of this transitional period however m any anthropologist be hesitant to apply this to an overall spectrum as in various societies the formation of structure is s cashbox imposed. (Turner V. , 1967)Turners three phase concept is simplistic in concept and toilsome in application, phase one being the communication of sacra, where secret symbols are communicated to the ritual subjects in the form of exhibitions of sacred articles, actions, and instructions the symbols re typify the unity and persistency of the community. This then transcends into the liminal period of ludic deconstruction (Deflem, 1991, p. 13) and then subsequently the recombination of the individual Turner develops on this and we move into the phase three, which is the removal of all social structure and what is odd is solely the authority of the instructor an d aim of the ritual. (Turner V. E., 1978) This phase three fuelled Turner into formalising the concept of Communitas as the identification of one.Anti-structure and Communitas are blood brothers in the opposition to structure, Turner clearly notes that communitas is present within in a liminal stage when structure is not present (Turner V. , 1969, pp. 94-96) as criticised above Turner clearly identifies this to be present within a period of liminality in a ritual process. The removal of all social elements and the exclusion from this constitutes a community bond, one of human kind-heartedness constituting this ritual communitas of individuals in a separate transition society such as the concept of limbo between heaven and hell, between life and death. Turner further explains communitas in the Ritual Process, explaining that they refer to two further modalities of society. (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974) A dialectic process between various communitas, a general run in to of equality of individuals (later works such as Eade argue over against this concept) and that of the structured individuals in a hierarchical system such as in the Hindu religion. The Dialectic has been used throughout time such as in Revolutions and the maximization of communitas provokes maximization of structure, which in turn produces revolutionary strivings for renewed communitus. (Turner V. , 1969, p. 129)Communitas is observed as something that is a phase in a process of a ritual not something that will continue after the process has been completed as the fate of any type of communitas is inevitably a decline and fall into structure and law (Turner V. , 1969, p. 132), after which a new form of communitas may rise again. (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974, p. 282) The concept of a pilgrimage and the community are centred to many scholarly debates, Eade and Sallnow question the role of the pilgrimage in sustaining or negating the social structure. (Sallnow, 1981) In following onto the concept that is discussed, the contrast to Marxist understanding to the pilgrimage as a structural maintenance juxtaposed with Turners pilgrimage concept of spontaneous communitas. Therefore in preaching of the experience does it not bind one to the larger concept of a community? (Eade J. a., 1991, p. 5)The pilgrimage is an area of anthropology that had lacked any in-depth focus within the field till Turners Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture and when formalising concepts on the pilgrimage one is prone to focus on the most powerful rituals performed by unearthly members and not necessarily the simplistic rituals of everyday life Eade Coleman suggest that pilgrimage has been neglected due to this assertion of a pilgrimage of a liminal nature, and that of a day by day life furthermore suggesting that a pilgrimage is something of extraordinary nature such as the pilgrimage to Mecca, a pilgrimage to a holy shrine why in this definition has pilgrimage ha s been removed from everyday life and imposed on that of a apparitional ritual background, one could suggest that the simplistic notion of going in search of a new pair of shoes or a job is a pilgrimage of the individual. In doing so one is removing themselves from the pre-persona and transition into the new entity and within this liminal stage they are neither. (Eade, 2004) Though Turner states that the individual accounts such as documents or oral narratives of the personal experiences allow us to envisage the social process of a pilgrimage, subsequently suggesting that tear down though a pilgrimage maybe an interior one between the divine or one or a social community to Mecca, a pilgrimage none the less is a social process. The pilgrimage as a social process is formed on the symbolic and structural elements, packly important when considering the apparent or lack of structure, anti-structure, communitas, and liminality. (Turner V. , 1974) (Turner V. , Pilgrimage and communitas, 1974) Turner observes structure as a more or less distinctive arrangement of mutually dependent institutions and the institutional organization of social positions and/or actors which they imply. (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) Therefore in such pilgrimages as Muktinath in Nepal such social relations as caste cause the formation of distance and inequality (Turner V. , 1974, p. 272) (Edwards, 1972)That religious pilgrimage serves to highlight social principles which are idiosyncratic to a particular religious system (Messerschmidt, 1980) Most of Turners work was based on the Christianity bases of a pilgrimage as a result communitas conduct was expectedinherent principles and idealistic expectations (Turner V. E., 1978) though juxtaposed with the pilgrimage of Hinduism, it is very much a contradiction as a Hindu society is hierarchical and subsequently even though through transition this structured formation is enforced. In relation to the question being addressed, this example illustrate s Turners specific concepts of liminality and communitas do not act coherently throughout all religious pilgrimages. Even though structure plays an element in this example of a pilgrimage. Pilgrimage does not inherently maintain or remove the structure, though Starke and Finke suggest that it rather strengthens the bonds between the individual to a symbolic community. Therefore even though Messerchmidt suggests that structure is within the liminal stage and subsequently communitas does not exist, could not suggest that the symbolic bond that is being achieved is subsequently causing a communitus that exists in a greater place. (Stark, 2000) If we look at the Hajj, it is one of the largest and most well known religious pilgrimages to date, that brings pilgrims back into the time of the Prophets and into the utopian-like society that previously existed. This pilgrimage is international, members of Islam ascend Mecca to fulfil a once in a life connection to a spiritual community, it is a pilgrimage of the individual however a social process which will forever be cerebrate into history, with the notion of communitus one could further suggest that the linking with a spiritual holy place one is not just linking to a communitus of the present but that of the past tense and future. If all are equal at this period of time and structure therefore the communitus above time. (McCarter, 2005)Turners concepts of liminality and communitas cast a light on the social process of a pilgrimage in some specific notions. It has been clear that Turner has centred all research majorly on a Christianity stance and subsequently foreshowing other religious pilgrimages that actually do not have the removal of the structure within the liminal stage and therefore the inherent structure is transposed from the pre to post formations of the individual. As the question directly asks to what extent does Turners concepts cast light, it can be seen that metaphorically Turner has been the lighth ouse to the development of anthropology of the pilgrimage however inevitably with the development of theories, Turners concepts notwithstanding will always foreground others. Though as Modern development requires less need for lighthouses, so do the concepts of Turner no longer stand all with theories of social process and pilgrimage. Turner illustrates that ritual is a response to a societys demand but that is actively involved in the human interaction and meaning. His actions and concepts are far from static. (Deflem, 1991) Furthermore supported in new research of John Eade, one can see that within Turners concepts the expression of a pilgrimage as something that is not a daily process has once again cast a shadow on the mundane concepts of a pilgrimage. One, can see that the direct social understanding of a pilgrimage is that of a religious one the search for the divine inspiration and where miracles once happened, still happen, and may happen again (Turner V. E., 1978, p. 6)

Dubais Tourism Industry

Dubais Tourism IndustryIntroductionDubai is a member country of the Middle East region. The all told of this region generally attr performs few tourists thanks to policy-making turm inunct which over the decades score generated tensions and uncertainties not only in the region but also in the whole human race. Some other hindrances to effective tourism maturation in the region include lack of poor state of infrastructural outgrowth, limited promotion and lack of attractions. In spite of all these setbacks, Dubai has however managed to contrive a flourishing tourism industry save for its tourism policies. The authorities in the country have managed to implement sound economic diversification programmes which unneurotic with extensive market have resulted in a booming tourism industry. Dubai has heavily invested in expensive state of the art facilities, undertaken deep marketing and these has resulted in the growth of her tourism. Her future expectations ar real high as refl ected by the setting of riffle rocketing arrival targets. Actually Dubai has demonstrated a capability to get over the challenges faced by the tourism industry and has established itself as an authority in the industry with a very high growth rate. This in that locationfore makes Dubai an evoke example of a booming Middle East centre for tourism that is fast creating new and more opportunities and realizing its full potential.This notwithstanding, there argon some constraints that which may inhibit the potentiality of Dubais tourism industry to be achieved. These factors call for review of policies and strategies.Destination development is a key factor in tourism belles-lettres and research approaches this theme from various disciplines and perspectives. These perspectives areGovernment policies.Destinations spatial evolutionBusiness strategies and marketingDevelopment impactsA critical analysis of these factors helps indicate whether a attitude considered for resort is like ly to grow into a major tourism hub or not. For the case of Dubai, tourism has progressed very well over the last trio decades and the figures below affirm to thisFactors central to tourism development in DubaiSocio- Political StabilityUnlike most of its neighbors Dubai has enjoyed relative calmness over the centuries. Being static in terms of economics, political and social domains is very important in ensuring smooth development of tourism. This is because disturbances scare a focussing investors as well as tourists and the whole industry as tour operators and agents are discouraged. Dubai being one of the federations of the United Arabian Emirates has lived to the true liven up of the federation. Proceeds from sale of oil have enabled Abu Dhabi to finance the federationThereby modify the standards of living and providing security. The rest of the emirates, in return provide Abu Dhabi with some strength both geographically and demographically. Over the years there has been an uninterrupted political stability in Dubai together with economic prosperity. Dubai enjoys autonomy in making of economic policies although it has to support other emirates in much(prenominal) matters as defense and foreign relations.Regionally, Dubai acts as an entrepot and promotes herself as the Gulfs financial nexus.Globally, Dubai is viewed as a liberal cosmopolitan society with almost nil threats of crimes and civil unrest. Dubai is a Muslim state in which women are traditionally inferior to men yet other religions are tolerated. More than 80% of her population is entirely do up of expatriates.Government tourism policyTourism can only thrive in areas where the political systems clearly define the economic policies in a manner that is consistent with the revolutionary needs of the ever growing tourism industry. The semi- autonomous government of Dubai has been actively involved in initiating sound policies geared towards improving its tourism industry.The federal authorities have identified tourism as a major economic pillar. Accordingly, the government has heavily invested in infrastructure. Pressured by the spirit of the federation policies, Dubai has made significant improvement in her investment in tourism.Interest in tourism grew against a background of decrease in oil production and the need for diversification of economic activities. Dubai positioned tourism at the centre of this diversification programme together with construction, real estate, media and financial trading.Dubai has also engaged the operate of international advisers and external consultants to help in preparation of strategies to be adopted in improving the growth of the industry. All these measures have seen Dubai earn a story of being a tourism hub in the Middle East.AccessibilityTourism development in Dubai is closely linked to its advances in the transport sector and its handiness to the outside world. Dubai has clear ambitions of being a major focus in the air transport i n the whole region and to this effect the Dubai authorities are putting in place the necessary infrastructural facilities. Dubais civil aviation has progressed quite well and its airport is among the top twenty busiest in the world as measurable by the passenger volume. Between 1990 and 2004, virtually 20 million passengers were carried by 100 airlines portion operating between 145 different destinations.The Dubai airport is pass judgment to handle about one forty million passengers in the next few years. In addition the Dubai government is preparing for a new airport so as to carter for increased freights. The Emirates airline is internationally reputed to offer the most excellent services in the region. Some of her planes are the most technologically sophisticated in the world and has won awards and recognition for good customer services. Dubai boasts of the worlds longest fully automated railway system stretching a distance of 43 miles and serving 47 stations. This project is made up of twelve elevated stations, nine kilometers of an underground truck, and an overground truck stretching fifteen kilometres. An upcoming project is on the way to construct a 1500 railway line. This proposed line will connect Dubai to Oman, Saudi Arabia Qatar and the other emirates. Again Dubai is one of the emirates that provide a hub for large cruise ships.AttractionsDubai has a rich attraction centre on its 64 kilometres long coast line. This magnificent coastline boasts of several high ranking tourist resort centres boasting of such(prenominal) important tourist activities as sailing, skiing, surfing, fishing, bird watching and golfing.The desert provides tourists with magnificent excursions for camel riding, sand skiing, dune driving, exploration of wadis and visits to selected oases and forts. Dubai city also has an extensive network of obtain malls where world varieties are readily stocked. The industrial development of the city has in the recent past attracted large hordes of investors who also double as tourists. Elegant sky scrappers are a common view in Dubai which has greatly added to the scenic beauty of the city.Well designed road networks with underground tunnels as well as over ground networks have gone a long way in eradicating traffic jams which is a common menace in several countries thereby ensuring smooth flow of traffic. Tourists no longer have to spend too much time in the city waiting for traffic jams to recede as was the case a few years ago.AmenitiesThe essential amenities required by tourists are chiefly the accommodation. In Dubai the development of hotel industry is a top government agenda. Hotel rooms have more than doubled in the past decade and the number is fast increasing. Currently there are about three hundred hotels with well equipped recreational facilities. Development of hospitality is largely due to the relaxation of land leasing rules and several five-star properties are expected very soon. Among this is a hyd ropolis hotel constructed up to twenty meters under water.ReviewPotential challenges.The emergence of Dubai as a major tourist centre is largely due to the overabundant economic, socio-cultural, political and historical structures which have shaped the tourism growth. This development has been driven by strong government policies which are geared towards reshaping of economic policies for sound development. Dubai in truth has pursued a strategy of heavy expenditure and intervention geared towards attainment of tourisms future goals. Internal peace and stability prevailing in Dubai and the neighbor countries has helped a lot to boost tourism activity. This is because the political stability has enabled foreign investors to consider venturing in Dubai in such areas as transport, accommodation and attraction. Vigorous marketing of the tourism industry has assisted in elimination of original inefficiencies and barriers to effective tourism development.By undertaking proper strategic po licies, Dubai has been able to surmount the setbacks which are hampering new upcoming tourism destinations. Given the potential setbacks, there are some doubts as to whether Dubais long term vision of becoming the worlds chief tourism hub will be met.One major setback is lack of political stability in the Middle East region. Political turmoil in such countries as Iraq and Afghanistan have reportedly spilled over to neighboring countries and Dubai is never immune to these. Terrorists have of late found flesh grounds for unveiling terror against the westerly in moderate countries such as Dubai.Elimination of tourism from the Middle East is a key step towards the realization of Dubais tourism vision. Any act of terrorism will have far reaching effects in Dubais economy and the tourism industry in particular.Another impediment to tourism development is lack of enough land for expansion. Dubais geographical size is a natural limitation to its development. Progressive growth of the city requires more and more land for expansion. However, this cannot be achieved in Dubai where land prices are skyrocketing while the available facilities are not enough to meet the demands of modern tourism as necessitated by large rime of tourists visiting Dubai annually.Another challenge to growth of tourism in Dubai lies in her attractions and promotion. Dubais tourism inventory is scanty compared to its competitors in the Mediterranean, Caribbean and Far East. Dubai has an extremely narrow solicitation of natural and cultural heritage. Concentration on beach activities and grand shopping malls has not done enough to secure the much envied pride.For a period of less(prenominal) than 50 years Dubai has undergone a lot of industrial progress which has seen it rise to the status of an industrial power in the Middle East. This change is clearly manifest in the economic, cultural and social development of Dubai. Contrary to major western countries where the industrialization process t ook a very long time, Dubai has undergone it in only relatively short time.Tourism development in Dubai is still growing and it is important to bear in mind that there are several schemes that are not yet completed. The fulfillment of these schemes and the realization of their visions is the aim of the Dubai authorities. However these will depend on the availability of a favorable and reliable environment clear of uncertainties. Doubts have also been expressed concerning the feasibility of some of these visions. The demands of modern tourism have not yet been met in Dubai.CONCLUSIONThe study of tourism in Dubai shows how a small and relatively remote country with little natural attractions can become an internationally reputed tourist attraction centre. In Dubai potential weaknesses and threats have been saturnine into strengths and opportunities. The all year round hot weather and ugly desert landscape have been changed to provide modern needs of tourism. Technology has actually enabled the tourism industry to prevail regardless of the harsh weather conditions and some other geographic impediments. Economic prosperity has provided funds to support the expansion of the infrastructure upon which the tourism industry is pillared. This has seen speed growth of the air transport, modern railway lines and well developed communication infrastructure. The lavish metro-politan state founded on economic prosperity is a natural attraction for tourists. All these features have been tactfully marketed in such a manner that they have been able to lure tourists from all over the world to this small country which was until recently unknown to the outside world. All this has been achieved in spite of the general perception that the Middle East is a dangerous place unfit for tourists and investors. Dubai has considerably achieved some progress in negotiating the barriers that have for long impaired the development of tourism in the Middle East and areas beyond.The achievemen ts in Dubai are of interest to not only the rest of the emirates but also other tourist destination which aim at attaining the global recognition. However tourism development in Dubai is still ongoing and research is being done to monitor Dubais tourism evolution.Important lessons can then be learnt from Dubais experience with tourism and the relevancy of its tourism model can be assessed to ascertain their suitability in the context of other upcoming tourist destinations. The results of this will no doubt get to an increased understanding of the tourism industry which has largely been neglected in the Middle East due to misconceptions.