Your College Application in 650 Words or Less

Your College Application in 650 Words or Less Last August, Sarah Vander Schaaff talked with me about working with undergrads on their application papers. Here is her article, altered for The Essay Expert and refreshed for 2015-16! In 650 words or less, depict a spot or condition where you are entirely content. What do you do or experience there and for what reason is it significant? Or then again In 650 words or less, describe an occurrence or time when you encountered disappointment. How could it influence you, and what exercises did you realize? Or then again In 650 words or less, examine an achievement or occasion, formal or casual, that denoted your change from adolescence to adulthood inside your way of life, network, or family. You are currently sitting in the shoes of a secondary school senior, much thanks. These inquiries are a couple of the prompts on the 2015-16 Common Application for school. They are marginally changed from last years’ says Brenda Bernstein, the expert resume author, individual articulation mentor, and business marketing specialist behind the Essay Expert, and for certain understudies confronting the inquiries, noting them is not really basic. â€Å"High school understudies don’t all have life mentors standing by,† Brenda revealed to me when I addressed her on the telephone this mid year. â€Å"They don’t step back and think about their lives.† At some point among August and five days before applications are expected, Brenda gets a call for help. In the event that the understudy has just composed a paper, she investigates it and decides the degree of help it may needâ€anything from some minor fixes toâ an overhaul. And it’s here when Brenda returns to the essential statement of faith that great composing requires great reasoning. â€Å"By the finish of the main discussion they have a blueprint for another paper and new considerations. I have the understudies mention to me what they see as the manner in which the paper is going to go.† Bernstein says understudies battle when they â€Å"†¦ know stuff that occurred in their lives and they’ve reached wide determinations or they have ends that they figure they ought to draw.† Guardians separating, for instance, is a significant life occasion that occasionally merits a more profound look. â€Å"They realize they got an exercise from it,† she said. However, the genuine exercise isn't generally the one they at first idea. Bernstein says she got an encouraging start considering school applications. Her dad talked with candidates for Yale as a major aspect of the school’s graduated class advisory group. Afterward, he’d let her read the meeting reports. â€Å"I would peruse a ton of them,† she said. While at Yale herself, companions applying to graduate schools frequently requested that her alter their articles. Afterward, while filling in as an open intrigue legal counselor in New York, she began posting flyers offering her altering administrations. What's more, in a move that would make a truly decent article itself, she chose she didn’t need to provide legal counsel, looked for guidance from a soothsayer, and moved to Madison, Wisconsin where she despite everything lives seven years after the fact. Her site offers assistance for understudies, yet in addition for experts looking for a superior resume or LinkedIn profile. The Essay Expert’s exposition meetings go in cost from $697 for Common Application paper help to $247 for an individual proclamation survey far not exactly some training camps portrayed in The New York Times that cost $14,000 for 4 days. Articles, Bernstein says, are sixth on a rundown of 10 rules schools take a gander at for affirmations. â€Å"If understudies can’t compose this kind of exposition without assistance, should they get into the college?† I asked Bernstein. She said basically all understudies find support, regardless of whether that’s from a parent, an educator, or a paid proficient (26 percent utilizing the last mentioned). In school, understudies additionally approach composing help in the event that they need it. â€Å"A keen understudy and expert will get information and backing on each significant bit of composing they submit, particularly when so much is riding on it. What’s significant is that they compose it in their own voice.† Besides, clarifies Bernstein, â€Å"I find that as they work with me they become much better writers.† Part of what she shows them, she included, was to take a gander at shouldn't something be said about their lives and encounters fit all together. What The Essay Expert is doing seems, by all accounts, to be the contrast to the method clarified by Frank Bruni as he would like to think piece in The New York Times, Naked Confessions of the College-Bound: Oversharing in Admissions Essays. Bruni recounts one Yale applicant’s essay. A profoundly qualified understudy needed to feature her total assimilation with French and her instructor, â€Å"she portrayed their one-on-one discussion toward the finish of a school day. And afterward, this detail: During their discussion, when a desire to go to the washroom could never again be denied, she chose not to interfere with the educator or leave the room. She basically peed on herself.† Bruni refers to comparative models, and statements writer Sally Rubenstone, who calls this sort of conduct, â€Å"†¦the Jerry Springer-ization of the school confirmations essay.† Coaches like Bernstein can help get control over the clashing messages our kids get when they botch the stun factor for good composition. Be that as it may, the genuine work for these expositions starts well before the fall of senior year. As guardians, we have to give our kids minutes to think about their own lives, and authentic encounters to ponder about as people without the consistent strain to report each moment of it. At the point when I showed open speaking, I requested that understudies give a true to life discourse addressing three significant parts of their lives. Many discussed a game, or a side interest, or a pet. In any case, practically completely incorporated this as a major aspect of those three characterizing components of life story: a family custom. Whenever you fret about not allowing your child each chance to fill their resume, consider the stuff to have the option to ponder one’s own life. As the Essay Expert asks, â€Å"How all around did you know yourself toward the finish of high school?†

Ways Children Looked After By Local Authority Social Work Essay

Ways Children Looked After By Local Authority Social Work Essay With regards to Shona and her family, this task will right off the bat survey the forces and requests important to carry the kids to be cared for by the nearby authority alongside the overseeing standards. It will at that point talk about significant territories for audit and the necessary request to guarantee great consideration for the kids, including how and when these ought to be assessed. At long last, taking a gander at the essentialness to the contextual investigation of s17 of Children Act, 1989 alongside considering the various administrations introduced to every kin while in care. Police Powers Shonas case is found by cops under-taking common obligations when social administrations divisions and the courts are shut (Masson, 2001). CA, 1989 s46(1) gives the police power, without going to court, to evacuate or confine youngsters for 72 hours on the off chance that they have sensible reason to accept that the kids are probably going to endure critical damage (Brammer, 2010; Powell, 2001). Social Service Managers perceive the estimation of s46 as a crisis intercession yet have reprimanded its over the top use because of police tension (Masson, 2001). The guideline is that courts should settle on a choice to evacuate kids at every possible opportunity; in this way, s46 is to be utilized in outstanding conditions. The nearby authority ought to have set up with the Clerks to the Justices an out of hours Emergency Protection Order (EPO) application process (HO Circular, 2008). Crisis Protection Order EPO is a transient crisis measure, enduring as long as 8 days with a potential expansion of a further 7 days, while the neighborhood authority under CA, 1989 s47 examines the childrens government assistance. S44(1) of the demonstration diagrams the justification for applications for an EPO of which there are two structures (any individual and prone to endure huge mischief). The nearby authoritys application for Shona and her kin is in light of the fact that they are probably going to endure critical damage because of aggressive behavior at home. In spite of the fact that the court may concur that there are reason for an EPO, it despite everything needs to apply the standards contained in Part 1 of the demonstration. Standards overseeing the dynamic Government assistance Principle CA, 1989 s1 states that, the childs government assistance will be the courts foremost thought. The importance of s1 has been firmly analyzed and reprimanded because of its wide scope of translations (Brammer, 2010; Brayne and Carr, 2010). Choices dependent on the government assistance of the kid are eventually esteem decisions (Ryan, 1998: 8) Therefore, an agenda was added to keep up consistency and give clear understanding (Ryan, 1998 and Brammer, 2010). For an EPO the court must think about the government assistance standard however it doesn't need to think about the agenda (Brayne and Carr, 2010). Non-Delay Principle CA, 1989 s1(2), upheld by European Court of Human Rights article 6(1), underscores that any deferral in court procedures is conceivably hurtful to the government assistance of the kid (Brayne and Carr, 2010), in this manner, the court needs to have respect to the non-postpone standard. The Public Law Outline (PLO), 2008 endeavored to address case the board and dodge delays in court procedures by setting a timetable. Masson contends that Legislating against delay didn't change working practices; grown-up parties keep on making invaluable deferral (2010; 55). No-request Principle CA, 1989 s1(5) guides courts to make no structure, regardless of whether the damage edge condition is fulfilled, except if it thinks about that making a request would be preferable for the kid over creation no organization by any stretch of the imagination (known as the no-request guideline). The standard perceives the requirement for proportionality with three central points: 1) debilitate superfluous court orders, 2) to guarantee that the request is conceded just where it is likely decidedly to improve the childs government assistance and 3) demoralize the creation of superfluous applications (DCSF, 2008: 7). On the off chance that administration direction disheartens pointless applications, this may represent look into discoveries indicating a general misconception of this standard among neighborhood specialists who decipher it to imply that cases ought not be indicted except if it is absolutely vital. The ongoing increment in court applications may exhibit that the rule isn't keeping Social Workers from completing their obligations (DCSF, 2008; Brayne and Carr, 2010). Most of court procedures have brought about requests being without a doubt, along these lines Mason contends, Neither the open nor the courts themselves have acknowledged the no organization guideline (2010, 57). Regions Needing to be taken a gander at: Edge Question As Shona has been in care for around three years, the neighborhood authority would have applied for a court request. This can't be acquired without meeting the edge standards of CA, 1989 s31: recognizing critical damage, cause for the mischief and no structure rule (Ryan, 1998; DOH, 1999). Noteworthy damage must be found to exist under the steady gaze of the court will mediate in family life, be that as it may, as the term isn't characterized it causes impressive issues of understanding. The Adoption and Children Act, 2002 s120 widened mischief to incorporate seeing or hearing it, which would be pertinent on account of Shona (Brammer, 2010). Appraisal The kids would be surveyed under the kid insurance structure because of the physical maltreatment Liam suffered and his sisters saw. This structure has developed through a progression of reports and government handouts. In 2008, the Children Act Guidance Volume One was overhauled and given under s7 of the Local Authority Social Service Act, 1970 which gave clearness to what ought to be finished before making a request application (Brayne and Carr, 2010). Cooperating to Safeguard Children, 2010 gives interagency direction on appraisal and examination. The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and Their Families, 2000 gave, under one organized framework, an all encompassing appraisal and arranging instrument for all kids out of luck (Thomas, 2005: 83). Utilizing the system, the nearby power, through the center evaluation process, should consider both the childrens and guardians needs alongside those in the more extensive family and network, to arrive at a choice that a request is important to shield their government assistance. The nearby authority would likewise need to look for legitimate exhortation and convey to the guardians their interests (DCSF, 2008). Care Plan ACA, 2002 corrected s31 of the CA, 1989 with the goal that a request can't be made until the court has considered a consideration plan (Brammer, 2010). A different arrangement would be required for Shona, Liam and Siobhan so the court can think about their individual needs. The plans ought to be founded on discoveries from the underlying and center evaluations with the structure, as guided by Local Authority Circular 99(29), 1999, being: 1) generally speaking point, 2) childs needs, 3) perspectives on others, 4) detail on position and 5) neighborhood authority the board. The courts choice on the no-request standard will consider the consideration plan for confirmation regarding how the request would be applied (DOH, 2000). What Orders May Have Been Necessary Care Order In having met the limit standards, finished evaluation and care plan the neighborhood authority under s31 would apply for a consideration request for the youngsters. A consideration request, as opposed to an oversight request, includes the kids being expelled from their home and gives the neighborhood authority shared parental duty regarding the youngsters close by the guardians (Brayne and Carr, 2010). Audits by Local Authority After conceding a request, the court has no impact in the arrangement being done (Brammer, 2010). ACA, 2002 revised s25(a) CA, 1989 by requiring an Independent Review Officer (IRO) to be selected to seat all survey gatherings of cared for youngsters, guarantee the kid is engaged with the audit and will challenge poor practice, and any float in actualizing the Care Plan (HMG, 2003: 45). In the event that the arrangement isn't executed the IRO can pass the case to CAFCASS who would now be able to return it to court (Brammer, 2010). CA, 1989 s26 makes it a legitimate prerequisite for neighborhood specialists to routinely survey the childrens care plans. Audits guarantee that it [plan] is in effect adequately actualized and to roll out any improvements that have gotten fundamental (Thomas, 2005: 76). All engaged with the consideration of the kids, including the youngster, ought to be associated with the audit. The base prerequisites which mirror the no-postpone standard, are set out in the Review of Childrens Cases Regulations 1991, revised in 2004. The primary survey ought to be held inside about a month of the youngsters getting took care of, trailed by a further audit at a quarter of a year later and afterward six month to month (Brammer, 2010; Ryan, 1998). Pertinence of s17 to contextual investigation Perspectives on Parents Under s17 of CA, 1989, the neighborhood authority has a general obligation to advance the childhood of kids deprived by their families and with article 8 of the Human Rights Act, 1989; they would need to legitimize any impedance in family life. Cooperating, 2010 re-accentuated the dedication of association with guardians in making arrangements for the government assistance and security of their kids. There are various ways the neighborhood authority can work in organization with Shonas guardians; through interview, mulling over their perspectives, participation at case meetings and being informed of any open procedures (Brayne and Carr, 2010). CA 1989, s17 additionally clarifies that the main goal is to advance and shield the childrens government assistance and afterward attempt to keep them inside their family (Brayne and Carr, 2010). Given that the government assistance and security of the kids is foremost then possibly there ought to be no contention between the standards of family backing and kid assurance (Parton, 1997). In any case, explore has demonstrated that full organization is hard to arrive at when dangers are high and families can't help contradicting the apparent dangers (Bell, 1999). The ongoing instance of Baby Peter has featured the significance of Shonas Social Worker having the expertise to recogn

My Experience with Real Analysis

My Experience with Real Analysis Last semester, I took 18.100A (Real Analysis) with Professor Choi. Throughout my entire time in high school, I used to complain to my math teacher about how I wanted more of the proof and verification for all these theorems. Well, in the most MIT fashion, I can defiently say that I got more than I asked for. However, looking back, I could not be happier that I decided to take the course that honestly was overbearing at times, and I even have decided to change my primary major from physics to mathematics due to that class in particular. Going into 18.100, I saw the material was based on one-variable calculus. Now, I knew the focus of the class was to teach you how to write proofs and not necessarily focus on the actual calculus material as being difficult, but I still went into the class a tad bit overconfident and not as concerned that the class would be as difficult as I thought it would be. The first week went fine, and we got assigned the first of 7 biweekly problem sets, and I completed it all by myself. I thought, okay, easy enough, I just do this and that, cite a theorem, and turn it in. Well, that is exactly what I did, and I got my first problem set back, and I got a 79! I never got a score that low on a homework before, and I honestly was so confused as to how I could have messed up that much when I was so confident in what I had turned in. So, after class, I met with my professor, and we went through it, and I saw now that I really needed more assistance and time to learn not only technique, but I had to learn the new notations, the difference between evaluating and proving, and just make my math more mature as they say. With this, I immediately scratched my plan of doing the second problem set and all the rest by myself, and I found myself going to my first ever office hours because I regretfully shied away from going to any during my first semester. I thought it would be intimidating working with a professor on the homework, and I thought I would come off as dumb or not knowledgeable enough to even be part of the class if I went to office hours. I was so wrong. The biggest takeaway I got from my second semester was to take advantage of office hours literally as much as possible. I can, without shame, say that I literally attended every single 18.100A office hours from the second pset to the final exam, and I don’t think I’ve ever taken a class and gotten so much out of it before. I did start going to my 8.03, Physics III, office hours as well, but that is a whole other story with an amazing TA. Anyways, 18.100 was the first math class I have ever taken where I didn’t feel like I could just learn the material nonchalantly if that makes sense. I was used to being able to easily grasp things without much practice, but this class was a whole monster by itself. I have about two notebooks worth of me going through practice problems using the various techniques we used. By the end, when I was reviewing for the final, it was honestly humbling to look back at all my failures of somewhat proofs compared to how much they improved by the end. The experience for me was one I will never forget because not only did it show me how much I love the challenge of that type of mathematics, but it also showed me that not all classes are created equal. While I would spend maybe 15 hours on that class a week, I would spend barely 3 hours on other classes in my schedule. I saw that it was much more rewarding to take a course that was seriously challenging than to just sign up for a course that I know I could easily get a good grade in. More than any other class before, I learned how to study for exams, I learned how to manage my time, and I learned how to reach out for help. Luckily, I had an amazing professor, and I really hope I get to take another class with him in the future because I really like his teaching style. When I came into the course, my intuition for solving problems has been completely turned around because of the time during office hours where he carefully went over the ways we should apply different techniques and theorems to different forms of problems. He would sometimes say rememver the technique, and I could not help but picture spongebob screaming the technique as I tried to focus on my homework and exams! Going into the final, I felt a lot better than going into the midterm, and I managed to get an A in the class not because I was born with some amazing ability to solve problems and cite Cauchy, Bolzano, and Weierstrass theorems out of thin air, but because I worked harder than I ever have to get the best understanding of the material. Next semester, I have a good sense of what classes I am going to take, and I am most excited to take 18.701 (Algebra I). 18.100 turned out to be both the class I was most worried about and also the class that I loved the most. I can’t wait to see what the future holds in my other math classes. Post Tagged #18.100 Real Analysis

The Legacy of Catholicism as Practiced by African Americans

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1803) and the accompanying slave revolt transplanted many refugees from the revolution into North America. Both former slaves and free people of color began to arrive in cities like Baltimore and New Orleans in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. The Maryland Gazette published an announcement of â€Å"six ships [one a Guineaman, with negroes] four brigs, and four schooners, being part of the fleet which sailed from Cape Francois on the 23d ultimo. The passengers and crews amount to 619 persons†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The blacks on board the Guineaman would become the center of the black religious community that was established in the â€Å"chapelle basse† or lower chapel of St. Mary’s Seminary. It was this black†¦show more content†¦Our people should help her to do it. Mary Elizabeth Lange and the Oblate Sisters of Providence In 1829 the Haitian community, which met in the lower chapel of St. Mary’s Seminary in Baltimore, produced the first black American religious community. Mary Elizabeth Lange born circa 1800 in Cuba to Haitian parents arrived in the Baltimore areas sometime after 1817. Lange enlisted the aid of three other women, all of African descent, and began teaching the black children of the community. Jacques Joubert, a French Sulpician priest, was given the task of the religious education of the children of the free, French speaking people of color. His sole purpose of teaching the children of color to read was so that they could recite the catechism, however in the black community’s vision, this education could serve as the solution for overcoming the trials of the black American experience. In 1827 Joubert initiated the Holy Family Society, a lay organization, to support the spiritual growth of Baltimore black Catholics. The priest formed this project among the immigrant black French speaking Haitians of Baltimore just as Lange was already running her own school. Not wanting to alarm anyone with the establishment of an official religious society of women of color, Joubert carefully put in the constitution that the women of color would not make vows but simply make a promise of obedience. The Oblate Sisters of Providence formed the firstShow MoreRelatedA Study Of African History1384 Words   |  6 PagesWest Africa, but little do they know African Americans were trading themselves way before then. Portuguese explorer Prince Henry, known as the navigator, was the first European to methodically explore Africa and the oceanic to the Indies.[1] Many Europeans thought that Africa s history was not important. They argued that Africans were inferior to Europeans and they used this to help justify slavery. However, the reality was very different. 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The Students Cause Interruptions That Affect Instructional...

My fourth grade reading class consists of twenty students. Many of the students cause interruptions that affect instructional time. The type of interruptions consist of talking and calling out answers instead of raising hands to be called upon. Although, I have the rules and consequences posted in the classroom, many students disregard the expectations for the same rules. At first we would review expectations and consequences before each lesson but this didn’t seem to help so I talked to a colleague about my situation. The advice given was to have my behavior chart match my expectations and coincide with the consequences for behavioral improvement. I also added a self reflection center where students have to write about their behavior and†¦show more content†¦Some students try to receive attention while others are trying to receive peer approval for their particular behaviors. I have implemented the incentive of â€Å"Dilo Dollars† which has worked for some st udents. I have also started a Critical Thinking Center (CTC) which focuses on self evaluation and self correcting of behavioral issues. Speaking with additional colleagues has taught me that some behavioral issues stem from events occurring from a student’s home environment, for instance, ZY had recently lived through a difficult event at home that may affect the behavior and JC had also experienced an adverse situation at home that may have affected behavior in class. Getting to know the students and building the student-teacher relationship has helped me understand why some of the behaviors continue to exist prompting me to spend some individual time with them so that they can reflect upon their unique situations. When I observe ZY, I try the proactive approach by asking her to sit at the chair next to my desk and whisper to her in order to calm her down before her behavior escalades. 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Nevertheless, the main objectives of the secondary education in Nigeria as contained in the National Policy of Education are as follows: 1. To develop the personal capacity of individuals 2. To prepare pupils for the world of work and 3. To prepare students for the next stage of

My First Experience in College Free Essays

Glass Castle The Glass Castle was written by the author, Jeanette Walls and she is also the protagonist of the book. The book tells the story of Jeanette Walls and her family life. It shows how they basically struggled day in and out like being short on food and money, they always moved around the country just to find a place to settle in. We will write a custom essay sample on My First Experience in College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jeanette Walls and her family mostly lived in various mining towns on the west coast of America. As Jeannette grew up in the desert, she enchanted by the limitless bounds of nature and the fantasies her father dreams up for her and her siblings. When Jeanette lived in the desert with her brother (Brian), she usually stacked up a rock collection and explored the natural and man-made features of the environment. Due to Rex Alcoholism, life in the desert ended because the family ran out of funds. So from the desert, they decided to relocate to Welch where Rex grew up. One thing I mostly knew about the Walls family was that their parents were both addicted to substances that could kill, their father was addicted to alcohol while their mum was so addicted to sugar and it lead to them not paying attention to their children. On my academic research, the article I researched was on alcoholism and it basically said alcohol consumption, particularly heavier drinking is an important risk factor many health problems and, thus, is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. When it comes to Rex, the head of the Walls family, he tends to focus more drinking than his family which led to him being terribly poor. However, life in Welch, West Virginia is completely different than the life the Walls led in the desert on the West coast. Most notably, Welch has a winter season which brings new challenges to the Walls family. From their arrival, the Wells children are itching to leave Welch and return to the desert. But eventually circumstances become so bad that they realize they must move away from their parents in order to achieve stable lives. Lori and Jeannette set their sights on New York and begin saving money to move out of Welch once and for all. Moreover, Walls describes in fascinating detail what it was to be a child in this family, from the embarrassing (wearing shoes held together with safety pins; using markers to color her skin in an effort to camouflage holes in her pants) to the horrific (being told, after a creepy uncle pleasured himself in close proximity, that sexual assault is a crime of perception; and being pimped by er father at a bar). Though Walls has well earned the right to complain, at no point does she play the victim. In fact, Walls’ removed, nonjudgmental stance is initially startling, since many of the circumstances she describes could be categorized as abusive (and unquestioningly neglectful). But on the contrary, Walls respects her parents’ knack for making hardships feel like adventures and her love for them–despite their overwhelming self-absorption–resonates fro m cover to cover. Eventually the siblings all end up relocating from Welch to New York in an attempt to be liberated from the stifling environment in Welch. For a time everyone is settled and living independently until Rex and Rose Mary show up in Manhattan in a van. After just a short while, the couple ends up poor and homeless once again and despite their efforts, the children are unable to take on the burden of hosting their parents anymore. Consequently, Rose Mary and Rex become squatters in abandoned apartments until Rex dies after having a heart attack. To Conclude, Jeannette has finally reconciled her past and present and no longer feels the need to hide behind lies or half-truths. In my perspective, I feel Glass Castle has thought me a lesson and that is to take life serious not for a mere joke and that is why Rex died through ignoring the clean aspect of life. The memoir liberates her and allows her to do what she enjoys most about writing; communicate with the world. How to cite My First Experience in College, Essay examples

What is social class Definition and meaning free essay sample

The first social grouping I will explain is a social class; Social class is a status hierarchy in which individuals and groups are classified and set on a social scale. The social hierarchy is usually based on success or wealth, social classes are recognized by the upper class, middle class, working class and lower class. Individuals in different classes tend to experience different trends in health and ill health, this may depend on which society they live in. Individuals who live or experience upper-class life may experience better health and may have a longer life expectancy for those who experience lower class life. Those who live in upper class may have more opportunities and may be considered more important to those who do not have the large financial status or success as others. Better health opportunities are wider for upper-class individuals compared to the lower class individuals as they are not deemed as important by the government due to the fact they earn lower wages or may work in lower jobs which require fewer qualifications. We will write a custom essay sample on What is social class? Definition and meaning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most studies which link to health and ill health in social class focus on the Black Report, 1980.The Black Report was a 1980 document published by the Department of Health and Social Security, now known as the Department of Health, which was the report of the expert committee into health inequality managed by Sir Douglas Black. The Black Report findings include that health standards in the United Kingdom were linked to social class, ill health increased down the social scale. The main problem was not linked with the NHS, the majority of the issues which came from social and economic factors such as income, unemployment, poor environment, poor housing, and education. Soon after this report was created the Acheson Report, 1998; The Acheson Report is also known as The Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report, the purpose of the inquiry was to inform the development of the governments public health strategy and to contribute to the forthcoming white paper, Our healthier na tion. The report was a survey of those individuals in society who were known as disadvantaged, the findings mirrored those found from the Black Report. The Acheson Report found the root cause of inequalities in health was mainly poverty, the survey showed in order to improve the health of millions who live in poor conditions, the gap between the richest and poorest in the United Kingdom had to be reduced.The two reports give detailed explanations about the relationships between social influences to health and ill health. The Black Report found that higher levels of health and illness between the relationships with various social classes which the government prevented the publication of the report. The study has been extremely influential as many sociologists still use explanations who are focusing on similar or the same issues and problems.

Disabilities and Dumbo Essays

Disabilities and Dumbo Essays Disabilities and Dumbo Essay Disabilities and Dumbo Essay Essay Topic: Pride and Prejudice Introduction: When thinking of films that portray disability Disney animated films generally are not the first titles that people think of. When thinking of Disney movies most people think of princesses, villains, magical places, and happily ever after, but there is another side to Disney that is not so clear and upfront, the side of disabilities, stereotyping and ultimately overcoming diversity. One of the earliest Disney movies portraying disabilities is Dumbo (Sharpsteen, 1941). The movie was released in 1941 when the world was going through World War II, society was looking for an escape and Disney provided just that. In the 1940s people with disabilities were considered freaks, abnormal, and not equal to the rest of society, in most cases they were ridiculed, judged and placed in asylums. It is ignorance, fear and stigma that drives society to ridicule a race, gender, disability or anything that seems to be different then what mainstream society considers normal. An Elephant That Can Fly: Dumbo tells the story of a baby elephant that is born different then all the other elephants (Sharpsteen, 1941). With very large ears, he is ridiculed, and is considered an outcast by the rest of the circus elephants. One day his mother stands up for Dumbo when a boy in the crowd starts calling Dumbo names, ultimately leaving him alone because the circus locks his mother away feeling that she is a danger to the gusts and circus animals and performers. Dumbo is left alone, with no support with the feeling of being subpar due to not being like everyone else. With the elephants not letting up on their ridicule and segregating Dumbo from the rest of the herd, Timothy the mouse comes in and befriends the little elephant. With Timothy becoming Dumbo’s friend and leading him to realize that he does not have to be like everyone else, Dumbo learns to fly and becomes accepted by everyone. Fear of Disabilities versus Normal: The fear of becoming disabled is something that seems to be inherent among the majority of able-bodied people (Morris, 1991). This fear stems from ignorance and misunderstanding about what is â€Å"normal†. The better part of  the twentieth century society was not sympathetic or in anyway understanding when it came to disabilities; Dumbo’s treatment among his circus peers was no different (Morris, 1991). One of the elephants actually pulls on little Jumbo Jr. ’s ear shortly after the stork had delivered him to his mother. The elephant is making sure that all the others can see what is wrong with the baby, that he is not normal. Another one of the on looking elephants says, â€Å"Just look at those E-A-R-S† (Sharpsteen, 1941) again making sure that everyone is aware of the little one’s problem area. The elephants start to comment on how silly his ears look, laugh about them, and nickname the baby elephant Dumbo, instead of Jumbo Jr. If it is society that determines what is disabling or not, it is clear that the circus society which Dumbo comes to considers him to be â€Å"different† and disabled (Norden, 1994). Disabilities, History and Societal Outlook: In the early twentieth century people with disabilities often had little to no choice but to go work for the circus, be put in asylums and institutions all because of society’s view of their differences (Raymond, 2008). In most cases people with disabilities were kept away from â€Å"normal† people, or the majority of society. Many people, especially those from a strict religious backgrounds, believed that if a person was disabled either they or their parent had done something to incur the wrath of God, which was the cause of the disability (Ingstad, 1995). The majority of the general public was not interested in allowing persons with disabilities to integrate into society. So much misunderstanding and fear surrounded disabilities that many countries had policies of sterilization for those individuals deemed to have genetic disabilities that could be passed on to their children; essentially people of the 1930s and 40s were trying to eradicate disabilities in any way possible (Ingstad, 1995). In the movie Dumbo the baby elephant portrayed disabilities in a way that garnered some amount of sympathy that was never seen before. This sympathy changed the way that disabilities could be seen or thought of by society. Disney made the baby elephant with big ears the innocent victim, something different for a character with disabilities at the time. People started looking past Dumbo’s disability and watched an outcast struggling to fit in to the circus world where he was supposed to be apart of. Once Dumbo’s ears make their appearance the little elephant is essentially shunned by the circus society. Dumbo’s only friends are his Mother, a mouse, and a group of crows. His only connection back to the circus is his mother and when she is taken away the little elephant is literally left alone to fend for himself. Perception of One Self due to Society: Dumbo’s loneliness teaches him indirectly that his ears are the root of his problems. He learns that his disability is something to be ashamed of. Although not every person with a disability experiences shame tied to their difference, general society convey the message that disability is shameful. Disability scholar and advocate, Jenny Morris (1991) explains the effect of this misrepresentation as a part of society’s general oppression of person’s with disabilities. She states: The way that the general culture either ignores of misrepresents our experience is part of our oppression. However, mainstream culture is also the poorer for this. Surely, the representation and exploration of human experience is incomplete as long as disability is either missing from or misrepresented in all the forms that cultural representation takes. (p. 85) Dumbo’s shame perhaps relevant for some with disabilities in many cases simply a misrepresentation and more likely tied to a more common shame that everyone feels growing up. Considering that most people grow up not liking something about them selves or had some part of their bodies ridiculed by others, Dumbo’s shame about his ears seems less tied to his actual disability and more tied to his opinion of self. Even when told by Timothy the Mouse (his friend) that his ears are beautiful, Dumbo hides behind them. Dumbo does not trust anyone not to make fun of him or his ears, something that has been systematically taught to him throughout his short young life. One Friend Looking Past Disability can make the Difference: Timothy feels sorry for Dumbo when he sees the other elephants picking on the â€Å"little guy† and wants to help him, â€Å"Lots of people with big ears are famous † Timothy tells Dumbo in order to make him feel more comfortable with his ears, but then struggles to come up with any examples (Sharpsteen, 1941). The idea to overcome the disability in order to be accepted by circus society introduces a new stereotype, the supercrip. â€Å"Supercrips are people who overcoming the challenges of disability and becoming more ‘normal,’ in a heroic way† (Martin, 2009). To help this idea along, Timothy decides that the only way to help Dumbo fit in at the circus and be reunited with his mother is for Dumbo to become the headliner of an act involving all the other elephants. Unfortunately the failure of this first attempt only makes matters worse, because Dumbo is reduced to a clown after he causes the big top to fall. Dumbo’s ears, his disability, once again become the thing that is seemingly holding him back from success, acceptance and his mother; a â€Å"normal† life. By being demoted to a clown it seems that the expectations for Dumbo overcoming his disability are nonexistent. This feeling of failure and hopelessness is reiterated to the crows in a speech made by Timothy: Why I ask ya why just because he’s got those big ears, they call him a freak, the laughing stock of the circus. Then when his mother tried to protect him they throw her into the clink and on top of that they made him a clown socially he’s washed up. (Sharpsteen, 1941) Without knowing how to overcome his disability, Dumbo seems doomed to go through life at the circus as a clown and a side show â€Å"freak†. However, finding themselves in a tree forces Timothy to try to sort out how it could have happened. While Timothy tries to figure it out, one of the crows mockingly yells, â€Å"Maybe ya flew up? †(Sharpsteen, 1941). As ridiculous as this idea seems to the crows Timothy believes it, and sees flying as the answer to all of Dumbo’s problems. â€Å"Dumbo you flew your ears are perfect wings the very things that held you down are going to carry you up and up and up †(Sharpsteen, 1941). The crows, however, make a good point, a point that could hinder Dumbo’s ability to overcome his big ears â€Å"have you ever seen an elephant fly? † This point does not deter Timothy and the crows acknowledge his determination. The crows are the one’s that give Dumbo the â€Å"Magic Feather† that will help him fly and lead to his ultimate fame and success. The â€Å"Magic Feather,† given to Dumbo by the crows, is ultimately a tool to help Dumbo believe in himself, and when lost in midair would have caused even more humiliation for the little elephant if he had not decided that he did not need it to fly. There are two important things to take away from this method of overcoming a disability. First, in order to overcome a disability it must be that person’s decision. The decision or the action of overcoming a disability is not something that can be forced on someone or expected of them; force and expectations can lead to the supercrip stereotype becoming problematic. The supercrip stereotype â€Å"focuses on a single individual’s ability to overcome, then puts onus on other disabled people to do the same† (Martin, 2009). Second, the responsibility or belief that all disabled people can overcome their disability to be â€Å"normal† is not realistic or rational for society to place on a person that has a disability. By placing the view that people can overcome a disability again puts â€Å"normal† as superior to anything less then that. Conclusion: Dumbo is looked at as the amazing flying elephant at the end of the movie, but in reality Dumbo is no different at the end of the movie then what he was in the beginning (Sharpsteen, 1941). The only thing that changed was the circus societies view that Dumbo was now not a â€Å"freak† but instead extraordinary. It took a little elephant to find a use for his disability and belief in himself to become someone that everyone would except, unfortunately real society is very similar. Instead of looking at people with disabilities as equals whether they do extraordinary acts or not, society looks down on peoples differences creating standards that people must live up to, to be considered a part of excepted society. Today people with disabilities are not forced into asylums, or left to join the circus sideshow but it is far from ideal. There is much more awareness regarding disabilities today compared to just ten years ago, but there is still a long way to go. For Society to become less judgmental society needs to become proactive in understanding what disability is, and stop placing stigma and assumptions on the disabled person. Once all of society is accepted as equal whether they are the same or different then everyone, society is truly not going to become an inclusive, thriving, equal opportunity world for everyone living within it. By not becoming aware of the importance of differences, society will miss out on opportunities to become a richer culture, gaining valuable insight and opportunities that people with disabilities have to offer us all. With knowledge, awareness, understanding, and acceptance there is less likely that people that are different will be colonized, segregated, or oppressed, that in itself is the most important reason for society to understand and learn from the mistakes from the past on the treatment and view of people with disabilities. References Ingstad, B. (1995). Mpho ya modimo- A gift from God: Perspectives on â€Å"attitudes† toward disabled persons. In B. Ingstad S. R. Whyte (Eds. ), Disability and Culture (pp. 246-265). Berkley, CA: University of California Press. Martin, R. (2009). Global Comment. No One wants to Play â€Å"Super Chip†. Retrieved March 16, 2013 from: http://globalcomment. com/no-one-wants-to-play-super-crip/ Morris, J. (1991). Pride against Prejudice: Transforming Attitudes on Disability. London: The Women’s Press Ltd. Norden, M. F. (1994). The Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disability in the Movies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Raymond, E. B. (2008). Learners with Mild Disabilities: A Characteristics Approach. Boston: Pearson Press. Sharpsteen, B. (Director). (1941). Dumbo [Motion picture]. United States: Walt Disney Productions.

Learn About the Sahara Desert

Learn About the Sahara Desert The Sahara Desert is located in the northern portion of Africa and covers over 3,500,000 square miles (9,000,000 sq km) or roughly 10% of the continent. It is bounded in the east by the Red Sea and it stretches west to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, the Sahara Deserts northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, while in the south it ends at the Sahel, an area where the desert landscape transforms into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Since the Sahara Desert makes up nearly 10% of the African continent, the Sahara is often cited as the worlds largest desert. This is not entirely true, however, as it is only the worlds largest hot desert. Based on the definition of a desert as an area receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year, the worlds largest desert is actually the continent of Antarctica. Geography of the Sahara Desert Stocktrek Images / Getty Images The Sahara covers parts of several African nations including Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia. Most of the Sahara Desert is undeveloped and features a varied topography. Most of its landscape has been shaped over time by wind and includes sand dunes, sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Around 25% of the desert is sand dunes, some of which reach over 500 ft (152 m) in height. There are also several mountain ranges within the Sahara and many are volcanic. The highest peak found in these mountains is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano that rises to 11,204 ft (3,415 m). It is a part of the Tibesti Range in northern Chad. The lowest point in the Sahara Desert is in Egypts Qattara Depression at -436 ft (-133 m) below sea level. Most of the water found in the Sahara today is in the form of seasonal or intermittent streams. The only permanent river in the desert is the Nile River that flows from Central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Other water in the Sahara is found in underground aquifers  and in areas where this water reaches the surface, there are oases and sometimes small towns or settlements like the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt and Ghardaà ¯a in Algeria. Since the amount of water and topography varies based on location, the Sahara Desert is divided into different geographic zones. The center of the desert is considered hyper-arid and has little to no vegetation, while the northern and southern portions have sparse grasslands, desert shrub and sometimes trees in areas with more moisture. Climate of the Sahara Desert Samere Fahim Photography / Getty Images Although hot and extremely dry today, it is believed that the Sahara Desert has undergone various climatic shifts for the last few hundred thousand years. For example, during the last glaciation, it was bigger than it is today because precipitation in the area was low. But from 8000 BCE to 6000 BCE, precipitation in the desert increased because of the development of low pressure over ice sheets to its north. Once these ice sheets melted, however, the low pressure shifted and the northern Sahara dried out but the south continued to receive moisture due to the presence of a monsoon. Around 3400 BCE, the monsoon moved south to where it is today and the desert again dried out to the state it is in today. In addition, the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, ITCZ, in the southern Sahara Desert prevents moisture from reaching the area, while storms north of the desert stop before reaching it as well. As a result, the annual rainfall in the Sahara is below 2.5 cm (25 mm) per year. In addition to being extremely dry, the Sahara is also one of the hottest regions in the world. The average annual temperature for the desert is 86 °F (30 °C) but during the hottest months temperatures can exceed 122 °F (50 °C), with the highest temperature ever recorded at 136 °F (58 °C) in Aziziyah, Libya. Plants and Animals of the Sahara Desert kristianbell / Getty Images Due to the high temperatures and arid conditions of the Sahara Desert, the plant life in the Sahara Desert is sparse and includes only around 500 species. These consist mainly of drought and heat resistant varieties and those adapted to salty conditions (halophytes) where there is sufficient moisture. The harsh conditions found in the Sahara Desert have also played a role in the presence of animal life in the Sahara Desert. In the central and driest part of the desert, there are around 70 different animal species, 20 of which are large mammals like the spotted hyena. Other mammals include the gerbil, sand fox,  and Cape hare. Reptiles like the sand viper and the monitor lizard are present in the Sahara as well. People of the Sahara Desert Zine Elabidine Laghfiri / EyeEm / Getty Images It is believed that people have inhabited the Sahara Desert since 6000 BCE and earlier. Since then, Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks,  and Europeans have been among the peoples in the area. Today the Saharas population is around 4 million with the majority of the people living in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, and Western Sahara. Most of the people living in the Sahara today do not live in cities; instead, they are nomads who move from region to region throughout the desert. Because of this, there are many different nationalities and languages in the region but Arabic is most widely spoken. For those who do live in cities or villages on fertile oases, crops and the mining of minerals like iron ore (in Algeria and Mauritania) and copper (in Mauritania) are important industries that have allowed population centers to grow.

Vaclav Havel and Image of Moral Leadership Essay

Vaclav Havel and Image of Moral Leadership - Essay Example Vaclav Havel an Image of Moral Leadership What one person or culture regards as immoral could be moral in a different setting. The subject of morality has received a lot of attention over a long period of time. Theologians and philosophers alike have been at work explain the determinants of morality in man. Vaclav Havel will be the main focus of this essay as we seek to establish the fundamentals of moral leadership. Description Vaclav Havel, may he rest in peace, was born in 1936 in Prague. He came from a prominent entrepreneurial family who owned an entertainment company and numerous housing complexes. Havel was a celebrated playwright in Czechoslovakia, way before the country became the Czech Republic. He became a prominent writer in the 1960s, with a majority of his works focusing on absurd political regime of the time. His articles focused on the rampant violations of human rights in Czechoslovakia. He openly criticized the authoritarian rule of the time which included such acts as censorship and human rights infringeme nt. In addition to being a playwright, Havel was also a nonconformist to the authoritarian rule, which he explicitly defied. He was a man of great courage amidst all the terror, violence and human rights abuses of the 20th century, in his country and beyond. His involvement in politics came in 1989 after the fall of the communist system, when he became the informal leader of government opposition. Havel’s concern for morality in the way Czechoslovakia was governed ultimately led his election as the president Czechoslovakia in 1990. Following the split of Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and the Czech Republic, Havel became the first president-elect of the Czech Republic. By the time Havel left office in 2003, he had made an everlasting mark on true democracy. Throughout his theatre and dissidence life and reign as president, Havel exhibited exemplary moral leadership qualities that earned him international recognition. Analysis Even before joining politics, Havel was a strong adv ocate for fair treatment of the people of Czechoslovakia. During his days as a playwright, he wrote articles and one time wrote a letter addressed to a top government official, to relent on the contravention of human rights. As a dissident he, in collaboration with others such as Jan Patocka founded Charter 77, a human rights movement. Seeing the way the powerful subjugated the ordinary citizens made Havel write one of his greatest works â€Å"the Power of the Powerless†. Here, he was telling the leaders of the time that the people had power to dislodge them from office, without resorting to violence. He claimed that Czechoslovakia had become a country governed by morally bankrupt people out to subjugate the citizens. He urged the citizens to do what is morally right; instead of turning violent against the regime, they should continue with their activities like nothing was wrong. Knowing very well that Czechoslovakians were â€Å"living within a lie†, he did not advise them to use violence against the oppressive regime. Havel saw violence as an unethical resolve that would only rationalize the tyrannical government’s actions. For example, any foreigner in Czechoslovakia was required by law to register with the police on where they were living. The enforcement of this law however, was not easy for the authorities. The law was finally repealed after Czechoslovakians refused to abide by the ridiculous law, and would not register their guests. This was the power of the powerless that Havel

How pets help college students cope with stress and anxiety Assignment

How pets help college students cope with stress and anxiety - Assignment Example It has been observed that music therapy, art therapy and pet therapy have been able to decrease the mortality rate and increase the chances of living. According to a study conducted in 1977, pet therapy has been found to be the most efficient form of treatment for patients suffering from psychological distress (Moorhouse, 2009). In the year 1990, Dr. William Thomas used pets in a long-term care facility and the significance of animal usage was clearly visible. Animals helped people to recover fast because they were amused with the presence of animals. The anxiety, tensions and frustrations automatically reduced with the presence of animals. This shows that animals have tremendous effect in coping with psychological distress of patients. An experiment was conducted in the United States by involving fourteen adults with clinical depression in a farm animal-assisted intervention. The patients were allowed to work in the farm fields with animals as well as they were allowed to stay in contact with dairy cattle. Each patient was video-recorded twice during the sessions. After a 12 week session, reports were absolutely in favour of pet therapy. The patients showed improvements tremendously. Their depression and anxiety decreased and self-efficiency increased. Pet therapy has also been found to be effective during the treatment of cancer and chronic illnesses (Pederson, Martinsen & Berget, 2011). This shows that pet therapy is very important form of treatment for a variety of illnesses including depression and anxiety. Pets allow patients to reduce their stress and feel hopeful and happy. This factor helps in the treatment of patients who suffer from depression and they recover fast. Dogs have been used for therapeutic purposes in medical settings. It has been observed that the activities by dogs entertain people, which amuse them. Dogs play a very important role in the

Facts and Values in Social Science

Facts and Values in Social Science It is not possible to separate facts from values in social science research. Discuss this statement by using empiricist and interpretative approaches Introduction The most complicated study in the realm of knowledge is the behaviour of human beings. It is always relative and unpredictable, the thought pattern always moulds with respect to time, space and circumstances. The social structure and embedded traditional fabric guides the human behaviour accordingly (Harris, 2001). So if we are into research we ought to consider the valve system as a major variable. The social science research methods are thus incomplete if we ignore the role of values. It is not possible to separate facts from values in social sciences because of the huge impact factor of the social structure over a phenomenon, for instance doing research in Indian society and ignoring the caste structure; would not bear considerable results. To work in Saudi Arabia it is mandatory to study the Arab traditional way of life and the blend with Islamic fundamentals. The empiricist school follows purely scientific tools of research; which is not influenced by social orders or value syst ems (Barton, 1999). On the contrary the interpretative school take in to account the value structures; this school is also known as hermeneutic approach (Barton, 1999). The laws of pure science arent concerned with the traditional ways of life; they are same in all parts of the world. But on the other hand social sciences such as anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, international relations, psychology involves the study of human behaviour that is not value free (Harris, 2001). In these soft sciences the importance and impacts of social life cant be ignored out rightly. This is not because the research work is not rigorous or lacks in objectivity or validity but the subject matter is human attitude and behaviour which includes norms and values. Both these norms and values have different forms and manifestations in every particular society. Historically the study was known as humanities because of the mode of inquiry and approach to the methods of discourse towards t he realm of knowledge (Harris, 2001). Explanation With the development of the subjects of social sciences the need emerged that empiricism must be applied for more effective and problem solving generalizations. The growth patterns in research lead to the development of different variances while following these traditions, the nature of empiricist tradition has been mathematical and value less which is only based on empirical data that is regardless of the fact that there is deviation in human behaviour and circumstances. This deviation may cause disorders in the data which is only reflected through positivist traditions. Therefore, while dealing with human behaviours through this approach it is a far possibility to arrive at a value free theory. Critical theorists have come up the assumptions that there is always a circumstantial reason behind every school of thought, power structure govern the body of knowledge according to its interest needs that cater the policies of powerful in the world where chaos is the only political order ( Harris, 2001). The realist school of thought is the greatest justification of status quo for the powerful nations of the world; the liberal school is thought to be coined for the interests of capitalists and their free trade paradigm. The idea of clash of civilization by Samuel P Huntington caters the foreign policy of US in the later decades of 90s, so as the theory of the End of History by Francis Fukuyama which says that liberal world order is the only solution for the global governance (Ritzger, Smart, 2001). Thus coming to the definitions of the phenomenon of facts and values, online dictionary implies that the fact can be defined as something that actually exists; reality; truth or something known to exist or to have happened. A fact can be known as the truth known by actual experience or observation; something known to be true. On the other hand values can be defined sociologically as the ideals, customs, institutions of a society toward which the people of the group have an affective regard. These values may be positive, as cleanliness, freedom, or education, or negative, as cruelty, crime, or blasphemy. From the above definitions it can be deduced that value is an ideal and fact is the happening or the practical manifestation of the value. Values are intertwined with facts and give meaning with the help of facts (Harris, 2001). With out values facts are meaningless and vice-versa. Answers regarding the simple facts regarding a river or pollution level in the air can be given through scientific research but when it comes to sociological facts values becomes the guiding principles or the driving force for the facts. In social sciences behaviouralism brought a fundamental transformation in the thinking process which took turn after the age of reason and enlightenment in between 1600 (Ritzger, Smart, 2001, p371). It started with the study of the natural world and spread to the study of social sciences or soft sciences. People now believe that most of the natural and social phenomenon is under the jurisdiction of science. Social scientists gather data through specialized techniques. These techniques include participant observation, key informants, focus group discussion and sampling. The empirical data includes the evidence which people have felt through their sensory perception. This thing creates confusion among researchers as they cannot employ their senses directly to observe things like intelligence, opinions, attitudes, feelings, emotions, power and authority (Ritzger, Smart, 2001, p371). This thing also creates confusion in the research world and gives birth to debate that it is not possible to separate facts from the values. For instance, the difference between the cure, prevention and ones attitude towards disease is called cancer. In other example the approach would be different while a researcher would measure the attitude towards economic systems applied in different societies. The German sociologist Weber is the creator for freedom from value decision in the social sciences, an ideal he referred as Werturteilsfreiheit (value-freedom). He says that there is a rational distance; its not a matter of quantity, separating the causal premise and empirical generalizations of science from value judgments. It is more of moral, political, and aesthetic first choice. Social scientists keep the two sides, fact and value. Thus it can be argued from the Weber, that this separation is not observed by anyone. Weber seized that values affect the way in which research is done in the social sciences and that the values are also affected by the research results. Facts can be brought to bear on values, affecting ones holding of them. On the research side of the human disciplines, evaluations enter into the subject matter. Using understanding explanation that is, the subjects evaluations seen in relation to the conditions of his or her action, the researcher can hope to sort out the decisive motives of the actor studied. In research, the scrutiny of values permits a discussion between investigators that can clarify the points of view each brings to bear. Values serve the science by an empirical treatment. Values ultimately come into view, in practical situations the implications of values are judged in particular terms. In addition new values can be revealed and their factual consequences can be judged (Weber, 1949). Value is not determined by any fact for instance and is necessarily free (Weber, 1949). It is free because it is a value (Weber, 1949). And it is because there are a lot of values and they are at odds, and according to Weber these are warring gods in the modern world. Humans are cultural beings and are caught in the chains of the culture, values, norms and traditions. Both the researcher and the respondent cannot get rid of the cultural implications. Taking the culture as the object social scientists must recognize the prerequisite for a cultural science is as cultural beings, humans take up behaviour to the world and give it meaning and significance. Values permit this. Core cultural values in cultural science change with culture over time (Weber, 1949). Webers idea of value-freedom is of extreme importance that research cannot be conducted in space. Hence the cultural values are enveloped in the cultural facts. Values and facts are interrelated and interdependent. No value in culture is out of context of facts (Weber, 1949). Infact cultural facts give meaning to values and norms. Thus it cannot be separated from the cultural context. Thus this idea gives that Weber is positivist and facts be studied for scientific purposes and only science cannot save the human beings only. The empirical researcher asks for the objectivity in the research keeping in view the apolitical environment (May, 1993). However the interpretative research looks for the reflection of personal point of view. It infact does not ask for the value freeness, rather it sees the values and meanings fused together (May, 1993). The empiricist approach tends to say that all the social research is based on the empirical data and evidence. All the knowledge is empirical in nature and intensity. Social research is based on rationale and empirical observations. Social research involves the contact between thoughts and evidence. Ideas help social researchers to give sense to the evidence and the researcher use this evidence to support ideas. Research has attempts to influence the real world. No laws in social science are parallel to the laws in the natural science; whereas law is a universal generalization about a fact and fact is an observed phenomenon and it means it has been seen, heard or otherwise experienced by researcher (Barton, 1999, p232). Thus the researcher holds a relationship with the society directly. Empirical school is all about data collected through sensory perception and all that. This term was used for certain ancient Greek practitioners of medicine who rejected following to the basic principles, preferring to rely on personal experience and observation. Building further, empiricism became a theory which refers that knowledge arises from experience and evidence gathered using senses (Barton, 1999, p232). Scientifically, the term refers to the gathering of data using only evidence that is observable by the senses or in some cases using calibrated scientific instruments. The investigator tries to descr ibe the interaction between the human senses and the unit being observed. The researcher is expected to adjust tools by applying it to known standard objects and documenting the results before applying it to unknown objects. Thus in short it can be analyzed in empirical school that the facts and values are part and parcel of any culture and society (Couvalis, 1997, p40). Facts give meanings with the help of values and values through facts. Both are pre requisites of each other. When the word scientific comes in vogue than it means that only scientific and systematic methods of inquiry are applied to understand and investigate the social phenomenon that includes interaction among more than two individuals. The values and norms are the guiding principles of this interaction. Values are a set of ethics or standards of behaviour and are held in high esteem and sough-after by a particular society in which a person lives (Couvalis, 1997, p45). Without values, life is confusion, signifying nothing. It is the pre-requisite to be human. Everything in this world is relative, truth is not truth but it is being made truth, constructed as a truth, thus perceived to be truth, so it is the perception which makes our impression which we except as a truth and the only truth in this time frame is that only the creature is absolute. So facts are actually truths about social world driven under the umbrella of values. Relatively speaking neither Earnest Najel is wrong nor Longino or Karl Marx. But every phenomenon has some critique, which is valid to considerable extent. For this reason not totally disagreeing with any one I would just highlight some angles upon which light could be thrown. It is not against the use of scientific method to apply to social research, no doubt science has developed a lot it has revolutionized our lives and mechanized as well, here the stress is at, mechanized our lives, when it comes to human thoughts the development means a lot but as man is social animal so his social world tends to be developed the world around him and the world in which he lives. For this reason objectivity of using scientific methods in social fields is sought. But prior to check whether there is any similarities between natural science and social phenomenon, for using them simultaneously they must be identical in subject matter, in terms of application and generalisation. Are the patterns to the theories similar in these respects? Social science is based on rules while natural science is based on laws. Social theory need to be reduced to natural theory. Replicating a social phenomenon for the sake of experimental study might be possible in some cases but not in all cases, thus behavioural, cultural, and the normative order could make difference. Anatol Francis said that the difference between animal and human being is like literature and lying. Scientific approach has been very rigid as far as the conclusion are concerned either right or wrong while on the other side it not the same case. Social scientific thesis is not compatible and universal, that is not applicable every where and could not be tested or verified universally as values very society to society and same as the facts. Science approach cannot give you perceptions. It can tell a person what s/he can do, not what s/he should do. Put another way, treating the ideas as a coherent system of thought, science can point out to an actor what is possible within his or her value system, and what would be contradictory to that value system. Social constructivists urge that understanding the production of scientific knowledge required looking at all the factors causally relevant to the acceptance of a scientific idea, not just at those the researcher thinks should be relevant. Science is thought to be the knowledge of elites. Authoritative explanation of knowledge makes difference, while tradition also plays its part in your knowledge system. Problems of social policy are not based on purely technical considerations of specific ends, but involve disputes about the normative standards of value which lie in the domain of general cultural values. This conflict over general cultural values does not occur solely between class interests but between general views on life and the universe as well. The non-scientific world information is accepted on trust, so in science, knowledge grows by depending on the testimony of others. What are the implications of accepting this fact for our conceptions of the reliability of scientific knowledge? Until recently, apart from a few anomalous figures like Caroline Herschel, Barbara Mcclintock, and Marie Curie, the sciences were a male preserve. Feminists turned to Marxist models of social relations and developed versions of standpoint theory, which holds that the beliefs held by a group reflect the social interests of that group. As a consequence, the scientific theories accepted in a context marked by divisions of power such as gender will reflect the interests of those in power. Alternative theoretical perspectives can be expected from those systematically excluded from power. (Rose 1983; Haraway 1978). Objective science must distinguish between value judgments and empirical knowledge, and try to see factual truths. However, value-judgments of the practical interest of the scientist will always be significant in determining the focus of attention of analytical activity. Interpretative social sciences go back to the German sociologist Max Weber and another German philosopher Wilhem Diltey. This is related to the word hermeneutics that originated in the nineteenth century. This employs that making the obscure plain. This thing refers that true meanings are rarely simple or obvious on the surface. One absorbs that scanning through the complete text. In this method the researcher uses participant observation and field research method. The interpretative researcher lives for year among the respondents to collect data. This is the organized analysis of the social actions through direct and detailed observation of the people in the natural world. The goal of the social research is to deep down understand the social life and discover how people construct meanings in the natural setting. The basic aim of the interpretative social science research is to discover social reality. Conclusion All the social sciences studies and researches are conducted to find out the meaning and truths behind the values. All the facts give explanations to the prevailing values in short. The purpose of the research is to give scientific explanation to the facts and to dig out the universal laws about human behaviour (Weber, 1949). It is not the motive to separate values from the facts. As I have previously mentioned that both are interlocked. In our society the correlation of values with daily life holds a clichà ©. The above debate can be concluded that values and facts are interlinked and phenomenon and concepts which give meaning while combined (Barton, 1999, p232). All research is empirical in nature and holds roots in the society that is composed of human beings. Research is an ongoing, evolving, moving process. The current knowledge and paradigms are not perfect. The only aim is construct scientific laws about human behaviour and when the word behaviour is used, the term values aut omatically jumps in. facts in any cultural, societal and communal reflection explains the values and norms of that particular society. Social scientists gather and explain data accordingly. Thus it can be concluded that generally established objectivity and subjectivity or simply reality versus values that is applicable to individual cultures only. In their own conclusion, the authors state that it will be the theory of argumentation that will help develop what pure logic could not, the justification of the possibility of a human community in the sphere of action when this justification cannot be based on a reality of objective truth. (Bizzel and Herzberg, 2001, p. 1377) Bibliography Barton, E. (1999). Review of Strategies for Empirical Research in Writing. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 13, 2, p. 232. Bizzel, P. and Herzberg, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Rhetorical Tradition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. Caws, Peter (1972). An Immense Density of Systematicities. The Archeology of Knowledge. By Michel Foucault. Translated by A. M. Sheridan Smith. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/steen/cogweb/Abstracts/Foucault.html (retrieved 11/23/08) Chalmers, A (1999). What is this thing called Science? Open University Press. p19-26, 27-58. Couvalis, G. (1997). The philosophy of Science. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p36-61. Harris, M. (2001). The Rise of Anthropological Theory. AltaMira Press. Kuhn, T. (1962). The structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ladyman, J. (2002).Understanding the Philosophy of Science. New York: Routledge. p93-123. MacNealy, M.S. (1999). Overview of Empirical Methodology. In Strategies for Empirical Research in Writing. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. May, T. (1993). Social Research: Issues, Methods and Process, Buckhingham: Open University Press. p27-41. Neuman, W Lawrence, Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches , University of Wisconsin at Whitewater. Ritzger, G Smart, B. (2001). Handbook of Social Theory. London: SAGE. p371-385. Weber, Max. 1949. Max Weber on the Methodology of the Social Sciences. Trans. and eds. Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Marlin Catering Essay

The working purpose and overall goal of the marketing project is to: (1) analyze Marlin Catering’s current situation; (2) determine strategies for reaching potential clientele; and (3) develop marketing tactics and an implementation plan. The marketing project opens with an analysis of the company’s current situation, including a review of its internal and external environment, which yields information regard current company strengths and weakness along with the opportunities and threats present. Marlin Catering’s primary strengths are in the areas of its staff and expertise. Its weaknesses include consumer perceptions that firm only sells Mexican food, even for catered events and the company is not well known in the area. The opportunities present include a growing marketplace. The primary threat is a large number of competing firms in the area. The marketing goal for Marlin Catering is to become a viable company in the catering business in the Fayetteville area serving both individuals and businesses with high quality food and service. The marketing strategy will begin with offering high quality food and high quality, on-time service. The distribution strategy will be to sell via direct sales and to expand via word of mouth endorsements. In the future, indirect marketing through florists and banquet halls may be pursued. The primary emphasis will be on advertising and promotion. Marlin Catering should begin a targeted advertising campaign and develop a colorful brochure that illustrates the company’s services. Personal selling and a presence trade shows should be used to enhance the image. It will be important to reach the three distinctive markets that Marlin seeks to serve. Implementation and control measures are outlined in the conclusion of this report. Current Situation Jose Hernandez and Clay Shields own Marlin Catering. They combine their experience, management expertise, and financial resources to conduct business. Jose Hernandez is also the co-owner/business manager of Marlin Catering Party Planning and Marlin Cafà ©. Clay Shields serves as the silent partner and is not involved in the daily managerial activities of the business. The Marlin Catering business was established in January 2008. The owners of Marlin Catering would like to eventually concentrate on the cafà © and catering business and discontinue the party planning business. Jose and Clay are in the process of relocating the cafà © to another facility while expanding the services of the catering business. This leaves the current cafà © as the only location to be used for the catering business. Presently, Marlin Catering carries out every aspect of the catering process. After the initial meeting with the client, Jose Hernandez prepares a menu selection including prices. The next meeting involves the contract signing and down payment. During the catering event, Marlin Catering provides the food along with servers, linens, and china. They set up the food display and clean up the venue at the conclusion of the event. Internal Environment An analysis of the current situation for Marlin Catering includes examining the company’s internal environment, external environment, competition, and customers. The mission statement was the first component examined in the internal environment. The current statement reads, â€Å"Marlin Catering is dedicated to providing service for their customer base in the local catering market in the Fayetteville, Arkansas area. Marlin Catering is committed to providing high quality and reliable services to existing and potential customers.† Though Marlin Catering is a new business with little name recognition in the catering market, the opportunity for exposure and interest is increasing. Catering is widely used for many different occasions, and the demand for this service is continuously increasing. In developing the catering business, the owners of Marlin Catering investigated the current market and current trends for catering services. According to the 2009 Economic Census, the catering market for the Fayetteville area produced $2,723,918 in sales. There are various events in need of a caterer including, but not limited to: weddings, banquets, graduation parties, engagements, showers, and political rallies. The market appears to be saturated with a wide variety of catering vendors. Despite this saturation, the owners entered the market because they believed with the right business and marketing plan they could succeed. The experiences of the owner and the operation of their current cafe creates a key competitive advantage for Marlin Catering relative to competitors The experience in food preparation and in party planning helps the company acquire customers and expand the clientele list. Also, the extensive resume of the owner gives the company a competitive edge. With regard to resources, Marlin Catering has an established facility in working condition. The current production capacity for Marlin Catering is ten major events per month. The business concentrates on high-quality production method which means the company has the opportunity to focus on the quality section of the market. Although the business is able to outsource for employees, the dependability and resourcefulness of the employees place a limit on the firm’s current operating capacity. Currently, the catering service uses the van owned by the cafà ©. In the future, a vehicle dedicated to the catering service should be purchased. Supply costs went down the second year, after the initial costs for purchasing serving equipment had been absorbed. The new cafà © will soon be finished, which means the current facility will house only the catering business. This will mean that the monthly payments on the building will be charged to the catering service along with utility expenses. External Environment Due to the recession and slow down in the United States economy, sales in catering services actually declined in 2009 in the Fayetteville area. The growth of the university and new businesses in the area should help the economy rebound quickly, including the catering business marketplace. The cost of food increased in 2008 due to the rise in fuel costs, as did costs of operating the catering vehicle. The costs remained relatively flat during 2009. Analysis of economic data for the area and fro the United States indicates a slight increase costs in the near future. The demand for catering services tends to fluctuate during the year, primarily because catering services reach peak demand for special occasions. Demand increases during holidays and during the spring and summer for weddings. The majority of weddings are held from April through July of each year. During this past year, approximately 1,000 wedding ceremonies were performed in Fayetteville and approximately 40,000 occurred in Arkansas. Additional events that utilize catering services are political parties, corporate parties and banquets, and private parties. Again, these tend to have higher concentrations during the spring and summer, and around holidays. Catering for political parties increases prior to local, state, and national elections. Catering services are culturally diversified in the types of food dishes it provides in order to meet all of the customers’ tastes & preferences. The most common requests are for: †¢ Mexican-style food  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Oriental-style food †¢ Italian-style food †¢ American-style food †¢ Seafood Social-cultural trends indicate an increasing demand for catering service. An increase in dual income households creates greater discretionary funds for catering private events. Tied closely to this is the lack of time and busy schedules. It is easier and more convenient to hire a caterer to handle the food at an event than do it yourself. This is also true for weddings. But, another opportunity is present in the wedding market. Catering is the most socially thing accepted method of serving food and any type of private preparation of food would be viewed less favorably. This includes the rehearsal dinner, which is now catered for most weddings in addition to the wedding reception. Although the economy has affected the number of catering events held by businesses, the growth in the business sector in the Fayetteville area has created a greater demand for catering services. These events vary from a recognition dinner that might have 25 guests to major corporate events that will have attendance of 1,000 individuals. Competitive Environment Marlin Catering’s main competitors are full service caterers, turnkey caterers, and general caterers. According to the 2009 Economic Census, local catering sales totaled $2,723,918, with Marlin Catering only holding a 4% market share. The catering business consists of four levels of competitors. At the top level are full service caterers who also are involved in event planning. They handle the entire event, including the food. The second level of competitors is full-service caterers who do not offer event planning services. They only care for the food and tables at the event. The third level of competitors is restaurants that also offer catering services. These restaurants tend to be limited by the types of foods served at the restaurant. The lowest, or fourth tier, are restaurants, primarily fast food operations and grocery stores, that prepare catering food trays that can be picked up by customers. Some restaurants also provide these food trays for customers who are concerned about expenses. The top tier catering services target large businesses and the high-income residents of the area. Fayetteville Planning and Catering is the market leader in this sector of the market and controls the largest market share of the catering business. Although their prices tended to be high, the company has a loyal customer base and its owners are member of the local social elite class. It was the second tier of competitors that offer food, service, and prices that are comparable to Marlin Catering. Fortunately, the location of the cafà © helped create a positive image of Marling Catering through the perception was that it was a local restaurant that was engaged in catering. Most companies and individuals did not know it was a full-service catering service and that it operated independent of the restaurant. For most catering services awareness and recognition are the keys to success. Few companies, except the large ones, spend money on marketing and advertising. This is especially true for the bottom two tiers, restaurants and grocery stores. They simply post signs in their business about the catering service. All of the companies in the first two tiers have yellow page ads or listings. Some of the higher-end restaurants also place a listing under catering to inform potential customers they do provide catering as well. A few of the companies advertise in the newspaper, especially in the spring and summer and around holidays. A select few have agreements with other types of services to generate leads, such as bridal shops, photographers, florists, and bakery shops. Customer Analysis Marlin Catering maintains a full service operation. This service offers a menu selection to customers. The customer then selects the exact menu for an event and negotiates a price per person. The company provides the china, linens, crystal, and silver for the event. Employees are responsible for the set-up and clean up of the event. Marlin Catering is also responsible for replenishing empty trays during the event. The catering service is currently operating out of the cafà © and most of the catering business thus far has been generated through the cafà ©. Sales have been made to individual customers or businesses that have either dine at the cafà © or through customers of the cafà © who have heard about the catering service. The restaurant serves primarily Mexican food, which means that most of the business has been for events featuring Mexican cuisine. A review of sales for the last 2 years shows three primary types of customers or events: individual consumer events, wedding receptions, and small business events. For the individual consumer events, the average attendance was around 15 individuals and the average charge was $280. For weddings, the average attendance was 60 with an average ticket charge of $1300. The business segment varied widely with some events for only 10 to 15 people, but others for as many as 150 and 200 individuals. The figure below shows the percentage of sales generated from each of the market segments in 2009.