Human Resources in Riordan Manufacturing Essay

When people think of the responsibilities of a human resources department, they may say they are responsible for the hiring and firing of employees. The truth of the matter is that a human resources management is responsible for much more than just hiring and firing. The human resources management is responsible for hiring qualified people, training employees to do their jobs according to company policies, motivate their employees and be able to support productive employees. Riordan Manufacturing has a good human resources department, which maintains an innovative and team-oriented work environment. Riordan Manufacturing mainly recruits employees outside the company via entry –level positions. There is also an internal job posting for employees to take advantage of new job opportunities. The method Riordan Manufacturing uses to recruit qualified employees is through online advertisements via Monstor.com, local newspapers, employee referrals, temp agencies, and job conferences. The plant in China uses contract workers for engineering, and IT positions. Riordan Manufacturing seeks qualified people for jobs, but the company does not conduct reference test as well as drug testing of potential employees. When concerning training and development, Riordan Manufacturing has a mandatory training program for employees within their 90 days of hire. New employees have to attend orientation on their first day on the job. For production and shipping and quality employees, they have to go through Six Sigma training. New supervisors are required to go through training workshops within 12 months of becoming a supervisor. Such workshops include interviewing guidelines, preventing EEO claims as well as workplace sexual harassment, and finally performance reviews. Riordan Manufacturing also has incentive programs for outstanding employees. There are three types of programs Riordan Manufacturing use to recognize outstanding employees. 1. Outstanding Employee Award 2. Employee Suggestion Program 3. Seniority Awards Riordan Manufacturing HR system Riordan Manufacturing implemented it’s HRIS (Human Resource Information Systems) in 1992. This system manages employee information such as the following: 1. Personal information 2. Pay rate 3. Personal exemptions for tax purposes 4. Hire dates 5. Seniority date 6. Organizational information 7. Vacation hours If an employee has to make any changes to his or her information, he or she has to submit it in writing on a special form. That information is entered later by a payroll clerk. The training and development specialist kept track of training and development records via Excel worksheets. In order for recruiters to maintain applicant’s information, all resumes are filed in a central storage area and are track via an Excel spreadsheet. Riordan Manufacturing employs a third party provider to keep track of workers’ compensation. Individual managers keep track of employee’s files and are also responsible for tacking FMLA absences as well as requests for accommodation. A compensation manager keeps results of job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions via Excel spreadsheet. Complaints, grievances, harassment complaints, as well as ethical issues are managed and tracked by employee relations specialists. HR Needed Systems Riordan Manufacturing’s current HRIS needs an up-to-date face lift. Instead of having different individuals managing employee’s vital information, Riordan Manufacturing needs to invest in human resources software. Implementing the software would increase the efficiency of their current HRIS. It would ease the burden of keeping track of all the employees’ information. References University of Phoenix (2012). Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization. Retrieved from BSA/500 – Business Systems II course website.

Effects of Punishment

Punishment and sentencing are an integral part of our criminal justice system. There are four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. There are some factors that that can affect how a wrongdoer is punished. There is a debate surrounding capital punishment with very distinct viewpoints. These topics will be covered in this paper. Purpose of Sentencing There are four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Retribution is the oldest and most common justification for punishing someone. In a system of justice that favors retribution, a wrongdoer who has freely chosen to violate society’s rules must be punished for the infraction. Retribution relies on the principle of just deserts, which holds that the severity of the punishment must be in proportion to the severity of the crime. This is not the same as revenge because retribution is more concerned with the needs of society as a whole instead of just the victim or victims. Deterrence seeks to punish wrongdoers and to prevent future crimes by â€Å"setting an example. By setting an example society is sending a message to potential criminals that certain actions will not be tolerated. There are two forms of deterrence: general and specific. The basic idea of general deterrence is that by punishing one person, others will be dissuaded from committing a similar crime. Specific deterrence assumes that an individual, after being punished once for a certain act, will be less likely to repeat that act because she or he does not want to be punished again. Incapacitation is another strategy for preventing crime. Incapacitation is the detention of wrongdoers in prison, preventing the offender from committing any future crimes. The final philosophy is rehabilitation. The philosophy of rehabilitation is that society is best served when wrongdoers are not simply punished, but provided the resources needed to eliminate criminality from their behavioral patterns. Factors of Sentencing The sentencing ritual strongly lends itself to the concept of individualized justice. There are two factors that most judges consider before sentencing a wrongdoer, the seriousness of the crime and if there are any mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The Seriousness of the Crime is the primary factor in a judge’s sentencing decision. The more serious the crime is, the harsher the punishment. Every judge has their own method of determining the seriousness of an offense. Most judges will simply consider the â€Å"conviction offense†; that’s where they base the sentence on the crime for which the defendant was convicted. Other judges focus on the â€Å"real offense† in determining the punishment for a wrongdoer. The â€Å"real offense† is based on the actual behavior of the defendant, regardless of the official conviction. Many prosecutors and defense attorneys are opposed to â€Å"real offense† procedures because they can render a plea bargain meaningless. Mitigating and aggravating circumstances are circumstances surrounding a crime that may prompt a judge to adjust the sentence so that it more accurately reflects the totality of the crime. Mitigating circumstances are circumstances that may justify a lighter sentence and aggravating circumstances are circumstances may justify a harsher sentence. A defendant’s youth or the fact that the defendant was coerced into committing the crime could be considered a mitigating circumstance. A prior record, a blatant disregard for safety, or the use of a weapon can be aggravating circumstances that could lead a judge to inflict a harsher penalty than might otherwise be the case. Capital Punishment Capital punishment is the use of the death penalty to punish wrongdoers for certain crimes. Capital punishment is the ultimate deterrent by rendering those executed incapable of committing further crimes. If a murderer is dead they will no longer be a threat to society. Another viewpoint is that the criminal justice system is infallible. What this viewpoint says is that many American men and women who had been convicted of capital crimes and sentenced to death were later found to be innocent. That is the problem with the system that sometimes prosecutors will convict an innocent person just to close a case. Conclusion The four basic philosophical reasons for sentencing are an integral part of our criminal justice system. There are some factors that that can affect how a wrongdoer is punished. The debate surrounding capital punishment will most likely never end since every side has their own viewpoints.

Belonging

These essential components of belonging are portrayed through the poems of Peter Skrzynecki and another additional text the film Invictus directed by Clint Eastwood about the uniting of South Africa through the efforts of Nelson Mandella. Feeling a sense of connectedness Wether this be on a physical,social,spiritual or emotional level to something or someone allows for an individual to feel a sense of gratitude and self belief. To a certain extent the groups we belong to define who we are, and an individuals perceptions are the resulting outcome of belonging. The acceptance and kinship being in association with groups may bring one would say belonging would impact ones life positively. Although he opposing side of belonging is not belonging and is as a problem many people in the world face today. This alienation may leave individuals feeling detached and isolated from all things surrounding them. There are many reasons why one may not belong these may include race,religion,culture,attitudes and beliefs as well as many others. This separation felt may severely impact an individuals life in a negative direction. The poems by Australian poet Peter Skrzynecki illustrate many examples of kinship and detachment. Many of the poems in the book Immigrant Chronicle by Skrzyecki explain his problems with feeling like an outsider stuck in limbo between his Polish culture passed down by his parents and his new Australian culture that he was exposed to everyday. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki states â€Å"I forgot my first Polish word† this line illustrates Skrzyneckis lack of interest in his Polish Culture as he feels he doesnt belong. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki uses alliteration in the second stanza to suggest peace and tranquillity, as his father holds his garden in high regard and Skrzynecki feels this is the only place where is father truly belongs. This allows for responders to learn that one may feel attached to something other than other people or groups. In this poem Skrzynecki also illustrates his fathers exclusion from the rest of Australia by the line â€Å"did your father ever attempt to learn English† this line shows Felix isolation as he cannot speak the language of the country he lives in. Although in stanza one the lines â€Å"Kept pace only with the Joneses Of his own minds making† suggest that Felix was not bothered by values or lifestyle choices that he did not believe in. This poem and other Skrzynecki poems further knowledge involving belonging and not belonging as they provide primary sources that identify multiple examples of the issue. Destruction,analyses and in depth essays of the poems allowed for a deeper understanding of belonging to be gained. The Film Invictus by Clint Eastwood. The story is based on the novel Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandella and the game that Made a Nation. The film tells the story of Nelson Mandella in his first term as South African President, and the initiation of the venture to abolish the apartheid and unite the nation through the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The film illustrates many examples of not belonging due racism and prejudice behaviours shown by white south Africa. The film allows for racism to be viewed as one of the demanding reasons for isolation. Although later in the film an attitude shift is imminent and relationships are bridged between â€Å"black and white South Africans due to the efforts of Mandella. The film illustrates how film techniques such as camera shots,angles and music are used to create a sense of detachment at the start of the film but also show the uniting of South Africa in the end of the film. Invictus enhances knowledge of the issue belonging as it shows many examples not belonging at the start of the film, but with a shift in attitudes reveals many signs of belonging shown towards the end of the film. Due to the complex and abstract nature of the concept of belonging, a true sense of belonging can be found in different circumstances for different people. A sense of belonging or not belonging is thought about by every person in the world today, its what many people strive for everyday although some may never find it,whilst others have always had it. Analysis of a range of texts including the Peter Skrzynecki poems and the film Invictus delve deeply into the many different circumstances that individuals may wish to belong in. Ultimately to belong will always be something people feel they need to fulfil their needs,although a sense of belonging will vary to different people. | |

How technology affect socitey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How technology affect socitey - Research Paper Example According to Sutton (2013), incorporation of technology in schools has been essential for the success of students because of the shifting times and the increased demand for tech savvy people. Therefore, the study shows that the 21st century classrooms have adjusted to the technological revolution in order to prepare students for the technological world. Hence, technology managed to change the way society perceived classrooms in terms of chalk boards and writing of letters, this makes the 21st society demand technological advanced individual propelling classrooms to also require technological advances. This raises the concern that computers are taking away manpower which seems to be true; moreover, human experience is significant in learning, which raises the concern of reading literature on computers. In his work, Sutton assumes that people accept technology capabilities, which propel advancement of the human society while appreciating the new technologies. That author argues that al though it is easy to see the social issues associated with technology the impacts have to be addressed after a thorough understanding of what technology does to the society. The main social concern apart from the changes in interpersonal relations and the divide in social classes is the decreasing level of capability in individuals because of the technologies that seem to do almost everything. According to Lee (2002), the last few decades there has been increased development in computing and communication with indications that the progress and the use of information technology will carry on in a fast pace. Currently, innovations within information technology have wide reaching effects on various domains of the society with policy makers acting on issues such as economic productivity privacy protection, intellectual property rights as well as the affordability and access to

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace Essay

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace - Essay Example . According to Mithra (2009), binding arbitration is a case whereby a party is asked to make an agreement which provides that if they have a dispute with the contracting partner then they opt to be heard by private arbitrator rather than normal litigation through courts. The contracting parties are bound totally by the decision of the arbitrator hence their case can not be appealed in a court of law. The arbitrator is usually a third party and has the authority to make final decision in accordance to prior arrangements of contracting parties. It can not be stated with certainty when formal processes of arbitration were established in the world but it is known that arbitration as method of resolution of disputes is far much older than courts litigation. Arbitration use can be traced far back from ancient civilizations e.g. Greece, Roman and Egypt. The arbitration act of 1697 was the first English law on arbitration, though arbitration was in common use even before the law came to be. Arbitrations before this law was usually never strong this was mainly due to the parties to arbitration terminating the arbitrators authority if the deemed things were not going well with their expectations on the arbitration Arbitration is a resolution of a dispute by a non partisan third party who gives the final word on the settlement which is final to the parties in arbitration. Arbitration is distinct to mediation, determination by experts, alternative dispute resolution and judicial proceedings. In practice some cases of disputes are not able to be subjected to arbitration this is usually depending on the content of the case that involve arbitration. Examples of procedures that can not be subjected to arbitration include; Where the resolution of the dispute does not require the parties to the dispute to enter any form of agreement e.g., court processes that bind all members of the public or institutions or a dispute that involves public interest, this can be

Software Requirements Specification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Software Requirements Specification - Essay Example To address this problem PCI offers its clients a service that would allow clients to forward all their calls to them and PCI in turn would collect all the messages and forward them to employees that are on the road and away from their desk. These messages would usually be forwarded to their phones or pagers. Goals of the project The basic goal of the project is to ensure that the company’s clients’ businesses are not affected because their employees are on the road and important messages do not reach them. The second goal of the project is to improve communication between employees of a business and the headquarters of the business to ensure that there is better coordination amongst them all. The final goal of the project is to help PCI improve their overall service and ensure that they retain their old customers and obtain new customers as well. Stakeholders of the project The company: One of the main stakeholders for the project is the company for which the system is being created. The company would also be the main user of the software that is going to be developed through this project. The company’s name is PCI (Pivotal Communication Inc.). Clients: The second major stakeholders are the clients to whom PCI would provide its services to. These clients would be able to only get their desired service if the project being worked on is a success. Software Company and the development team: The software company that is responsible for developing the solution for the given issue have an equal share in this project. The software company tends to make a great deal of profit with the successful completion of this project. Other stakeholders: The complete list of stakeholders can be viewed in the diagram below Users of the software: The main users of the system developed would be PCI’s agents. Agents are responsible for answering and handling all the transactions regarding a call or message that is supposed to be provided to a particular cli ent. The second users of the system would be the clients that would interact with the system to manage messages and calls that they receive. Characteristics used to define users The users that have been identified above would be assessed in the following categories. The categories would be helpful in identifying the correct functional and non-functional requirements of the project. Understanding of technology Physical impairments Qualifications and credentials Project constraints Mandated constraints Resource constraints: The software is to be developed using the resources that have been provided by PCI. The developers have to work within the time frame provided and equipment that the company owns. Requirements constraint: The graphic user interface of the system should be easy to work and operate. Users of the system must easily understand how to operate the system and employees of client companies must be able to easily handle the messages they receive. Legal constraint: The contr act that PCI has signed with its clients states that PCI is responsible for storing all the messages it receives for at least 90 days. This means that the system should be able to store vast amounts of data. Furthermore PCI is required by law to inform callers that their calls are being recorded. This means that before recording a message the system must inform the caller that their call is being recorded. Glossary Glossary of all terms: The following table contains a

The Colonialism Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Colonialism - Article Example The first wave of colonialism occurred in the early 15th century beginning with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 by the Portuguese and lasted until the early 19th century. The final events of the first wave of colonialism involved the invasion of Algeria by the French. The first wave of colonialism mainly involved the colonization of the Americas by the Europeans and partly involved the creation of European colonies in the in Maritime Southeast Asia and India. The first wave of colonialism occurred during the Age of Discovery. During the first wave of colonialism, the interests of the Europeans in West Africa were primarily focused on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The second wave of colonialism marked the major phase of European colonization and was fundamentally focused on colonizing Africa and Asia. It is referred to as the New Imperialism. The traditional African view of time is two-dimensional. In the category of potential or inevitable time, the most significant issue is that according to the traditional concepts, time as a phenomenon has the long past, the present and virtually no future. For the traditional African view, the time has to be experienced for it to make some sense. What is the future as per the African concept has not been experienced and thus cannot make part of the time? Neo-colonialism is the use of political and economic power and other forms of control by the former colonial masters to influence and interfere with the affairs of the former sovereign colonies.

Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Loyalty - Essay Example Marketing has become one of the most important disciplines in business administration. The level of success an organization achieves depends on its ability to satisfy the needs of the customers by providing products and service they seek at reasonable prices that add value. A strategy that many multinational corporations have pursued for many create a brand image that will help companies achieve customer loyalty. Customer loyalty can be defined as a deeply held commitment to re-buy or repatronize a preferred product or service in the future despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior (Kotler, 2002, p.294). This paper examines the concept of loyalty in order to evaluate the statement there is no such thing as customer loyalty anymore. Customer loyalty is key business strategy utilized to increase the levels of customer retention within a firm. A high customer retention rate adds value to a company because these customers represent future stream of revenues that the company can achieve with minimal marketing investment. There is a basic marketing rule that states that 80% of a company’s sales come from 20% of their customers (About, 2009). This implies that building a solid foundation of customer is extremely important for the long term success of a company. The stronger the sense of loyalty a customer feels towards the product of a company, the less likely this individual will purchase the goods or services from a competitor. A marketing quantitative analysis performed by Hughes (2009) of Fast Lube Corporation revealed that the longer a customer is retained the more the person spends annually with the company. One of the basis reasons marketing exist is to help a firm increase its sales totals. The sales of a company increase if the company is able to growth its customer base or if the

Comparison and contrast essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Comparison and contrast - Essay Example Comparatively, these cities offer great life experience but it is not very easy to choose one when it comes settlement. Both are distinguished by their weather, factors such as entertainment and housing. Weather is one big different issue between these two cities. Seattle and Houston have calm weather conditions in the months of April and May. Seattle at times records up to four feet of snow but this is very rare in Houston which can witness only about one centimeter of snow in 25 years. When it snows in Seattle, it is really terrible since it does not only stop after a few inches but can even last longer where building a snowman is never a problem. Seattle also records plenty of rainfall such that it has come to be commonly known as the Rainy City. It can also be noted that Seattle experiences Mother Nature’s storms called tornadoes, which are mixed with hail, high winds that rip houses apart and cause other trail of destruction to infrastructure. The temperatures in Houston are moderated by the influence of the Gulf of Mexico and this results in mild weather conditions and it does not experience rain storms. Houston has warm weather and humidity is high especially during th e summer. Houston often experiences hurricanes during every summer with the high winds and heavy rain fall that can cause power outage for days and even weeks at a time and this make life miserable without drinking water and air conditioning. The geographical location of these two cities is a major factor when it comes to entertainment and sporting activities. In Seattle for instance, there are different kinds of entertainment activities that Houston cannot offer. Seattle is a quieter and more relaxed city that offers European relaxed ambience. Seattle is known for wonderful snow skiing and ice skating. There are several state recognized tournaments where some of them even attract European competitors. Seattle also has very

Employment Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Employment Law - Case Study Example In fact, corporate accounting team was among the top performing teams of the company. But from last two months some misunderstandings evolved between the members of the team. The performance of last two months of this team also decreased at a substantial rate. This decrease in performance led to an investigation into the matters of the team. Upon interviews with all team members and other team member of other concerned departmental teams, some important issues between the above mentioned three members of the corporate accounting team have been identified. These issues must be brought into your knowledge. These issue need to be dealt in earnest to avoid some dire consequences. After working for years in a team, Mary and Michael become close friends. They go for lunch together. They often hang out together. John who is heading the corporate accounting team was also working with Mary for years. Mary is an attractive young lady and John also likes her and has developed feeling for Mary. But John is also jealous with the close relation between Mary and Michael. John is an able person and an important employee of the company. On the other hand the performance of Mary and Michael is also good. Last month John, Mary and Michael behaved normal during everyday happenings. But this month they frequently entered into arguments which the other team members think is not normal and therefore not good for the company. Due to this tension between John and Michael, the everyday matters of the team are getting disturbed. Whereas, John has many times favored Mary unduly thereby bypassing the merit. Actually, Michael is senior after John and is eligible for a promotion to head the team. John is also eligible to become manager, so after the promotion of the Michael, John would have to head some other larger team. But John wants to keep closer to Mary. At the same time John wants to keep Mary and Michael far

The Intensification of International Migration Essay Example for Free

The Intensification of International Migration Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Migrant flows are always from the poorest countries with a low probability of employment towards less poor and more dynamic countries where there is an opportunity to find some sort of job. Over the last few years international migration has intensified, with the media referring to the â€Å"regionalisation and globalisation† of migration. The major centers of attraction are the same: United States and the European Union, with countries in southern Europe gradually becoming immigrant receiving countries. The third major region that attracts migrants is the oil-rich Middle East. The fourth major region set to be the target for increasing numbers is Asia/Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand. What are the effects of migration on the countries of origin? Funds sent by migrant to families back home often play a considerable part in the development of the local economy. However, when highly qualified people leave their home country, the investment made by the developing countries in their higher education is lost. To remedy this, programmes have to be set up to encourage immigrants to return, so that they can contribute to the economic development of their home country. The political environment in some African countries must be conflict free for African professionals overseas to return home. Africa is certainly experiencing a debilitating flight of professionals and skilled people escaping their countries’ economic crisis. The level and trend of brain drain has reached unsustainable heights. In the last few years, the brain drain has escalated in magnitude to levels that have serious implications on economic growth in countries like Zimbabwe. Why have African intellectuals and professionals left or thinking seriously of leaving their countries? Previous studies have discovered extremely high levels of dissatisfaction with the cost of living, taxation, availability of goods, and salaries. The number of poor living below the poverty datum line has surged progressively in the last few years because of economic crisis and spiraling inflation. The situation has been exacerbated by declining  real savings compounded by high levels of taxation and rising unemployment levels. The decline in real gross domestic product(GDP), is reflective of failure to attract foreign direct investment(FDI) and increased external debt due to chronic foreign currency shortages to procure raw materials, fuel, electricity and spare parts, against a background of rising production and labour costs due to high inflation have led to declining savings. The contraction in the formal sector, owing to companies’ downsizing, reducing working periods and closure, have led to significant fall in employment levels. Growing lawlessness and politically-motivated violence are some of the push factors for many intellectuals and professionals. The dissatisfaction goes deeper than economic and political circumstances to include housing, medical services, education, education and a viable future for children. Against this background, many skilled persons and professionals have migrated to other countries and the potential for emigrating among African university students and other is most probably very high. There is therefore need to enact policies in Africa to curb these massive brain drain and offer incentives to make staying and working in African countries attractive for professionals and skilled people. The broad objective of this paper is to highlight African brain drain, its causes and consequences. Brain drain is seen in this paper as a complex problem created by both endogenous and exogenous factors, which prey on the disparity between technologically developed and industrialized world, and the poor developing countries. The structure of the papers is as follows; Section I gives a general Introduction to the problem of Brain drain. Section 2 attempts briefly to conceptualize and categorize international migration and the possible causes of international migration. Section 3 gives a detailed analysis of Causes for African Brain Drain. Section 4 attempts to show the Impact and Consequences of African Brain Drain, giving Zimbabwe as an example. Section 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects and Policy Options. . 2. THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Some theories of international migration: There is no single, well-developed theory of international migration. Among the various models attempting to explain why international migration begins, five major approaches can be discerned: These were offered by Sharon Stanton Russell 2. Neoclassical economics: macro theory (arguably the body of theory most familiar to World Bank staff) views geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor in origin and destination countries as the major factors driving individual migration decisions. Among the assumptions of this model are that international migration will not occur in the absence of these differentials, that their elimination will bring an end to international movements, and that labor markets (not other markets) are the primary mechanisms inducing movements. Government policy interventions affect migration by regulating or influencing labor markets in origin and destination countries. Neoclassical economics: micro theory focuses on the level of individual rational actors who make decisions to migrate based upon a cost-benefit calculation that indicates a positive net return to movement. In this approach, human capital characteristics that raise the potential benefits of migration, and individual, social, or technological factors that lower costs, will lead to increased migration. Differences in earnings and employment rates are key variables, and governments influence migration through policies that affect these (e.g., through development policies that   raise incomes at the point of origin, decrease the probability of employment at destination, or increase the costs of migration). The new economics of migration views migration as a family (i.e., group) strategy to diversify sources of income, minimize risks to the household, and overcome barriers to credit and capital. In this model, international migration is a means to compensate for the absence or failure of certain  types of markets in developing countries, for example crop insurance markets, futures markets, unemployment insurance, or capital markets. Dual labour market theory holds that demand for low-level workers in more developed economies is the critical factor shaping international migration. To avoid the structural inflation that would result from raising entry wages of native workers, and to maintain labor as a variable factor of production, employers seek low-wage migrant workers. In this model, international migration is demand – based and initiated by recruitment policies of employers or governments in destination areas. World systems theory focuses not on labour markets in national economies, but on the structure of the world market-notably the â€Å"penetration of capitalist economic relations into peripheral, non-capitalist societies, â€Å"which takes place through the concerted actions of neocolonial governments, multinational firms, and national elites. International migration is generated as land, raw materials and labour in areas of origin are drawn into the world market economy and traditional systems are disrupted. 3. CAUSES OF AFRICAN BRAIN DRAIN. In the 1960s most of the African countries became independent, with the former Portuguese territories in 1975. In 1995, the last colony in Africa – South Africa – achieved majority rule. With accession to independence there was a marked change in the pace of migration. The first development plans and those subsequently adopted, accentuated existing disparities between urban areas which enjoyed the benefit of investment and rural areas. In some countries the most elementary freedoms were denied, giving rise to mass exodus of people unprecedented in the history of Africa. The gap between the economic and social development of different regions within countries and of different countries inside and outside Africa, has continued to widen over the years. Brain drain is a migration of professional people(as scientists, professors, or physicians) from one country to another, usually for higher salaries or  better living conditions. Despite the clarity of this definition, most efforts to halt the brain drain or reverse the process, especially in African countries, seem to pay little attention to economic and social imperative to brain drain, and instead, centre on appeals to the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. In extreme cases, some governments threaten to hire foreign professionals as replacement labour for those who left-a more complicated and costly option. Political Turmoil: Political turmoil is linked to the failure of economic development. As pressures of poverty, rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation mount, they produce a volatile cocktail of insecurity. Resulting war, civil strife, state – sponsored terrorism, riots and other forms of political violence can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people as migrants, refugees, or asylees. In the late twentieth century, compared to previous centuries, more wars are taking place, and they are lasting longer and causing more devastation. According to Papademetriou both internal and regional conflicts, often based on religion and ethnicity, are precipitating unprecedented high levels of international migration. Economic and Political factors: The economic and political factors associated with international migration that have so far been discussed so far forces on the lack of economic development and political stability in many Third World countries. They are the major push factors in migration. The push factors are circumstances in the home environment that make a person think about leaving his normal place of abode for another part of the same country, neighbouring countries, or for a more distant place like the United Kingdom of the United States. Pull Factors i.e. those that draw people to particular destinations, are equally important. The post – World War II expansion of the industrial economies of Western Europe and North America (especially the United States) has led to immigration policies in these countries designed to meet a  burgeoning demand for cheap labour. Globalization has made possible a massive transfer of resources like technology and capital; labour has become another form of large-scale resource transfer; Although more than half of recent international migration flows are between developing countries, the flow from the Third World to industrial nations has grown to unprecedented levels. That developed countries are a magnet for the world’s migrant is evident from statistics. In 1990, half of the world’s migrants (excluding those naturalized, which would increase even more than the number in developed countries) were in industrial countries: 15-20 million were in Western Europe, 15-20 million were in North America, and 2-3 million were in the industrial nations of Asia (e.g. Japan, Taiwan).7 This globalization phenomenon has not escaped the attention  of Deepak Nayyar, who observes that: the process of globalization is bound to exercise a significant influence on the push-factors underlying international migration. It would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a convergence of levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to a divergence in levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. Similarly, it would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a reduction in poverty, an expansion of employment opportunities and an improvement in the quality of life for the people in developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to rising poverty, growing inequality, worsening employment prospects and deterioration in the quality of life of people in development countries.8 In summary it should be realized that the globalization of economies, lack of development and political stability in Third World countries, and immigration policies that reflect the need for labour in the receiving industrialized countries have thus far been proposed as the major factors explaining international migration from the Third World to the developed countries e.g. USA, UK., etc. But these alone do not adequately explain why certain countries or individuals, not others, dominate migration flows nor do they explain the particular destination choice of migrants. As earlier discussed, economic globalization, lack of development and political instability, industrial nations’ immigration policies, and linguistic and  historical ties are major factors that account for Third World immigration to developed countries in general. The same factors enable us to understand African immigration to Europe and the United States of America. Sub-Saharan Africa, like most other developing regions, has been integrated into the global economy primarily as a source of cheap primary goods and cheap labour. Initially, African labour was exploited within colonial boundaries but after World War II African labour was often actively recruited by ex-colonial European powers as competition for more expensive European labour. For example, France gave its former African colonies favoured nation status and formed agreements with such African states as Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali to promote labour migration. By 1960, about 20 000 Sub-Saharan Africans were in France; 12 000 in the late 80s. The British were less hospitable to immigrants from their former African colonies. Beginning in 1962, Africans in England were denied full social and political rights. They were subject to four immigrant control and three race relations outs that gradually withdrew their citizenship rights. Pass laws and voucher systems were introduced in order to â€Å"terminate black settler immigration and to introduce repatriation. In 1971, the British passed an immigration act to expressly limit immigration from its former colonies. It can, therefore, be said that Sub-Saharan Africa has generated significant global flows of migrants in the post-war era, mainly to ex-colonial states: Nigerian, Tanzanian, Ugandan, Asians and of late Zimbabweans have migrated to the U.K., Central and West Africans to France; Zairians (Congolese) to Belgium. However, the OECD has argued that these movements are dwafted by regional migrations within Africa. Regional labour have flowed primarily to Nigeria, South Africa, Gabon and the Ivory Coast. The main countries of emigration have been Zaire (now Congo), Angola, Mozambique, Cameroon and Botswana as well as all of the North African Nations, though rarely have their emigrants crossed the Sahara.

Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Ethical Dilemma Essay Natural calamities are unpredictable phenomena’s where the damage may be countless and immeasurable examples of natural calamities are earthquakes, floods and famine. In situations like this relief operations are challenging even though many organizations and nations extend their resources to overcome the disaster. We often face issues and concerns in a massive disaster which may lead to ethical-dilemma and criticism. When we analyze disaster situation ethical concerns arises. Here I would like to present the ethical dilemma involved in the rescue operations in Haiti disaster and analysis of the issues. Event and ethical implications One of the biggest and most recent disaster world encountered is the Haiti disaster in January, 12, 2010. It was a massive earthquake with 7.0 magnitudes, wiped out thousands of lives and affected millions of people (Haiti earthquake, 2010). The earthquake ploughed the main city Port-au-prince just into rubbles. Many people were trapped in the collapsed buildings. Many important buildings were damaged including parliament, schools, hospitals and main jail (Haiti earthquake, 2010). It resulted in lack of food, water, shelter and medical services. Many wounded were waiting for immediate medical help and many died without prompt treatment. In natural disasters people from all over the world offer humanitarian aid in the form of donations, medical care team services, food and other necessary supplies. The U.S Government and many other nations extended their hands for rescue operations. The Israel Government sent a military task force consisting of 230 people within 48 hours (NEJM, 2010). Their ultimate goal was to provide lifesaving treatments to the injured to the level it was possible. Other troops and volunteer workers on the scene also tried their best to deliver the best possible care to the causalities. Ethical concerns and ethical dilemma The troop’s mission was to provide help to as many people as possible. But the limited resources fell far short than the demands. This put the medical team in various ethical issues. Haiti is one of the poorest countries of the world with minimal facilities. The disaster left millions of people homeless and in urgent medical needs. The Israeli Field Hospital extended their hospital capacity to 72 from 60 and added one more operating room to accommodate increased causalities (NEJM, 2010). In a normal triage system we are setting priorities among patients depending on their clinical conditions and assuming that we will be able to provide care to all. In Haiti disaster it was impossible for them to provide care to all who needed. Here the health care workers as well as the victims faced ethical dilemma. The medical team was forced to recognize the fact that the clients who need most urgent care may consume the majority of their resources. So they had to set up priorities according to the resources available, the severity of the problem and can they be saved. Another ethical dilemma the medical team had to encounter was those come with severe injuries needed prolong rehabilitation and that may run out all of their supplies. So they planned to accommodate patients who can be stabilized in 24 hours.† The practical implication of this prioritization resulted in people those who have small chance to survive were not likely to be treated in the ICU† (NEJM, 2010). In addition to that discharging the patients were also challenging since no homes left and children without parents, there was no place for them to go. Personal ethical values and position using ethical principles In a massive disaster plan in an ethical aspect I believe the theory of Act- utilitarianism works best to that situation. Act-utilitarianism states, the actions people choose will produce over all good in any given circumstances. This theory also allows different actions in certain circumstances. Their decision on triaging the patients based on the resources and the possible outcome of the intervention in a humanitarian aspect. The ethical principles of beneficence and justice applied in this scenario. According to the principle of beneficence the health care workers were trying their best to provide care to as many as people possible. The ethical principle of distributive justice emphasis on fair and equitable distribution of goods and services (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2008), but in certain situations it is impossible for all people to have everything that they might need. In such cases they can formulate and enforce policies for fair and equitable distribution of the available resources. Possible alternatives for resolving the problem I.Ask for more medical supplies from organizations like, World Health Organization, Red Cross et. II.Make arrangements to send patients who need more complex care to the nearest available medical centers or hospitals. III.Call for more volunteers to help there by reducing the cost and request for funds from charitable organizations. IV.Since geographically U. S. is the closest country, request for airlifting the patient to the nearby states hospitals for advanced care. V.Even though insurance can be a hindrance to accept the patients, U. S. Government can offer tax exemptions and grants for the accepting hospitals. VI.Airlift the patients to the accepting countries for advanced care. Examine and categorize the alternatives When we categorize the alternatives from 1-6, the first five options are possible alternatives. The 6th option can be possible, but it will be more expensive, time consuming and unsafe for unstable patients. Since many organizations started their rescue operations, if the military task force can receive more supplies, they will be able to continue with their life saving measures. Possible consequences for the acceptable alternatives When other hospitals can accommodate more patients, it may reduce the burden on a single group. Since they already have disaster plan set up, more supplies from other organizations will help them to continue their task without time delay. With tax exemption and grants, more hospitals may take initiative to involve in the health care delivery and if the patient can be airlifted on time many lives can be saved. Prioritize acceptable alternatives I.Provision of more supplies to the functioning units. II.Make arrangements to transfer patients with complex issues to the nearest hospitals. III.Call for more volunteers for additional help IV.Airlift patients to the nearby countries at the earliest possible V.Request for more funds, grants, donations from the federal governments and common wealth countries. Plan of actions The plan of care is to provide care to as many people as possible with added resources. Transferring of patients to the nearest available hospital for complex care and management. Through financial aid rebuild the health care infrastructure to provide continued care to the Haiti people. Evaluation Natural disasters are unpredictable and every effort needs to be taken to overcome such situation through voluntary support. In this situation the ethics committee from a group of physician had to prioritize the cases according to the availability of resources and the chances of survival. In a humanitarian aspect it is necessary to provide fair and equitable distribution of health care as much as possible for a healthy recovery. We often see the best of humanity in moments of extreme calamity. In every disaster situations people who directly involved often faces some sort of ethical issues and dilemma. The best possible way to overcome such situations through mutual effort, ethical decision making and appropriate action plans. Fair and equitable distribution of health care is the best approach to every mankind.

Elasticity Of Demand In A Air Travel Context Tourism Essay

Elasticity Of Demand In A Air Travel Context Tourism Essay Price elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand. (Ryan air British Airways Data) How are low-cost carriers such as Ryan air able to achieve cost savings? Fixed costs and variable costs. Critical analysis of the issues involved in the following article: BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim undertaking Conclusion Bibliography Introduction Ryanair isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. British Airways isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. This document reports the findings of a review of the economics and business literature on empirically-estimated own-price elasticity of demand for air travel for Ryan air and British Airways. It refers to the data on page two of the assignment handout to both above airlines to illustrate and explain the concepts of price elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand. The purpose of this study is to report on all or most of the economics and business literature dealing with empirically approximate demand functions for air travel and to collect a range of fare elasticity measures for air travel provide in the data on the second page of the assignment topic and provide some judgment as to which elasticity values would be more representative of the true values to be found in different airline such as Ryan air and British airways, furthermore will evaluate the accomplishment of cost savings of Ryan air through fixed costs and variable costs as well as writing a critical analysis the article on BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim undertaking'(mmc.gov.uk, 2010). Price Elasticity of Demand and Income elasticity of demand in the context of air travel demand: (Ryan air British Airways) We identified two distinct prices for air travel which are price elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand from the case study for air travel demand which should distinguish among prices for: Low cost carrier (LCC) example of Ryanair and Full Service Carrier (FSCs) example of British Airways; business and leisure travel. Accordingly, to examine the sensitivity of the demand for air travel to its price, separate analysing of the price elasticity of demand is gathered for each of these two distinct markets. Price Elasticity of Demand Dunnett, A. (1988: 260) define Price Elasticity of Demand as a numerical value which describes the degree of responsiveness of demand to changes in prices. In addition Sloman (2005) believed that the demand for a particular good or service depends on a variety of factors. Key influences include, the levels of consumer income, the price and quality of the services in question and especially services that are close substitutes. As a general rule, once other influences on demand stay unchanged, a higher price for a product leads in a lower quantity demanded. However, the price responsiveness of demand varies from one good to another and from one market to another (FitzRoy et al, 1998). Since the availability of alternative modes of transportation that are reasonably close substitutes for air transport such as low cost airlines like Ryanair diminishes with distance travelled, it is expected that the demand for air transport will be less elastic for longer flights typical example of British airways with is a FSCs than for shorter flights typical example of Ryan air. Just considering an example where Ryanair (a low cost airline) flights to Milan from  £49.99 return and British Airways from  £628 return. The problem though with Ryanair is that you can find this cheap ticket if you book it about it well in advance. But if we try to book it on the same day before your journey the price has gone up at  £179.99 return when British Airways price will be still remaining the same until a week before your journey. Further, international travel tends to be widening over more time than domestic travel, so that the airfare is a smaller proportion of overall trip costs, which makes international travel less sensitive to changes in ticket prices. In addition, leisure travellers are more likely to postpone trips to specific locations in response to higher fares, or to shop around for those locations offering more affordable fares. Consequently, it is expected that the demand for air transport for leisure reasons will be more elastic than business travel who usually travel with FSCs. According to Anthony et al (2000) Ryan air prices management is systematically offering different prices to different customer segments in response to demand whereas (Kimes, 1989) suggests that the team in charge of yield management need to identify how changes in pr ice will affect their customers. Within the airline industries customer demand may be higher on week ends, during summer months, or at particular times of a day, (Belobaba, 1987). Managers must be able to forecast time-related demand so that they can make effective pricing and allocation decision to manage the shoulder periods around high demand period. However the corporate business traveller during the week becomes a leisure traveller when on holiday or at week-ends. Different occasion find the same consumer having different expectation and needs, (Buttle, 1986). Such a concept is termed elasticity of demand. According to the Data from the case study downloaded from Ryan air website, the price of the flight is far more higher than the price of the flight on other following days of the week day. However, when approaching the end of the week-end or school holiday, there is a huge demand and the increased demand drives the price up again as customer are returning from their vacation or family are going on holiday. Closer to the date and time of the scheduled service, the price rises, on the simple justification that consumers demand for a flight becomes more inelastic the nearer to the time of the service. The low cost airlines such as Ryan air follow the pricing strategy outlined above. Customers booking early with carriers such as Ryan air will normally come across lower prices if they are ready to commit themselves to a flight by booking early. This gives the airline the plus of important how full their flights are likely to be and a source of cash-flow in the weeks and months prior to th e service being provided. People who book late often regard travel to their planned destination as a need and they are therefore likely to be prepared and able to pay a much higher price very close to departure. Airlines call this price discrimination yield management but despite the consider name, at the heart of this pricing strategy is the straightforward but important concept price elasticity of demand. Ryanair has a seat pricing policy that causes fares to rise as a flight fills up (Ryanair.com, 2010). Following theory of supply and demand, if customer wants a seat so badly, they will pay more for it than otherwise. Income Elasticity of Demand It is defined as numerical values which describe the responsiveness of demand to a change in consumer incomes. (Sloman, 2005) Because of the recession, demand for low cost flights grew rapidly as family with higher income who were travelling with FSCs before would prefer low cost than traditional airlines and some current low cost customer with low income may prefer domestic flight or would just prefer not to travel by air. In air travel, FSCs are essentially joint products consisting of differentiated service bundles that are identified by fare classes. However the yield management systems employed by FSCs also create a multifaceted form of inter-temporal price discrimination, in which some fares (typically economy class) decline and some increase (typically full-fare business class) as the departure date draws closer. This implies that ideally, empirical studies of air travel demand should separate business and leisure travellers or at least be able to include some information on booking times in order to account for this price discrimination, and that price data should be calibrated for inter-temporal price discrimination: for example, the use of full-fare economy class ticket prices as data will overestimate the absolute value of the price elasticity coefficient. Within the set of differentiated service bundles that comprise each (joint product) flight, the relative prices are important in explainin g the relative ease of substitution between service classes. Given the nature of inter-temporal price discrimination for flights, the relative price could also change significantly in the time period prior to a departure time. In particular changes in real income and the prices of substitutes or complements will affect demand. Alternative transportation modes (road and rail) are important variables for short-haul flights, while income effects should be measured for both short and long-haul. Oum et al. (1992) provide valuable tools that occur when evaluating the demand models. Air travel demand can be affected by changes in the prices and service quality of other modes. For short-haul routes (markets) the relative price and service attributes of auto and train would need to be included in any model; particularly for short-haul markets such as low cost airline. Failure to include the price and service attributes of substitutes will bias the elasticity. For example, if airfares increase and auto costs are also increasing, the airfare elasticity would be overestimated if auto costs were excluded. The entry of low cost carriers leads to lower fares for a subset of traffic and competitors will offer a supply of seats to match these fares. Lower average fares should lead to lower demand elasticity estimates, while increases in the number of competitors in the market will lead to higher demand elasticity estimates. How low cost carriers such as Ryan air able to achieve cost savings? Fixed Costs and Variable Costs. Ryan airs business model is focus around its general low cost philosophy. That is Ryan air attempts to cut all non value adding activities as it strives to drive costs down to the total minimum. Below are typical examples how it drives its downwards which include selling directly to its customer over the internet or over the phone rather than via agents and middlemen, thus saving commission cost and administrative cost. Ryan air is a ticketless as most of it customer buy over the internet, in return for a booking reference that is exchanged at the checking counter at the airport for a boarding pass. The airline has no in flight meals which is a cost saving measure that cannot be much inconvenience to its customer since all Ryan air flights are short haul. Nevertheless has subcontracted catering services on its flights where customer can buy an in flight meal and drink should they wish which is another way of driving price. Cabin crew double up as cleaner and this helps Ryan air to promise a turnaround time at any airport of 30 min rather than 45-60 min that has FSCs been the norm. Another cost cutting device, is the typical example of the UK smaller airports such as London Luton, cheaper to fly to from than bigger airports such as Heathrow which it is use at least as its base as they are less congestion and facilitate turnaround times for aircraft to be a lot shorter. Fixed Costs Fixed Costs are defined as the Total costs that do not vary with the amount of output produced (John, S. 2005:82) Ryan air as a LCC operate in the environment of high fixed cost, fixed capacity in the short term, a perishable product and seasonal demand. Virtually all of airlines costs can be considered fixed. The cost of the capital tied up in the plane, the fuel it take to fly the route, the crew it will take to staff the ground and flight operations insurance, rent, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All these cost are fixed once the company decides to fly a particular route and the variable costs associated with serving another passenger on the flight are figure lively peanuts. Ryan air generates sufficient revenue through ancillary services such as car rentals, accommodation, currency, travel insurance, transactions, refreshments, to cover variable costs and offset at least some fixed cost. Management believes that providing these services through the internet allows Ryan air to increase sales, while at the same time reducing costs on a per unit basis. Variable Costs Variable Costs are defined as the total costs that do vary with the amount of output produced (Sloman, 2005: 82) The relatively low variable costs associated with many capacity- constrained Ryan air allow for some pricing flexibility and give operators the options of reducing pricing during low demand times. Ryan air always seeks for low variable costs. Below are factors that help Ryanair to maintain a low variable cost: One type of aircraft, management believes that its strategy of limiting its fleet primarily to three variants of a single type of aircraft from a single manufacturer enables it to limit the costs associated with personnel training, maintenance and the purchase and storage of spare parts, as well as affording greater flexibility in the scheduling of crews and equipment. Pricing is based strictly upon revenue maximization process that matches the aims and objectives of prices elasticity of demand Internet booking which cut paper and administrative costs No airport sales offices/ no cancellations Charging a surplus for excessive baggage Maximization of seat capacity per plane Use of less expensive airport as Ryan air been offered incentives is a controversial one Ryan air director of communications. Ryan air further endeavours to reduce its airport charges by opting, when practicable, for less expensive gate locations as well as outdoor boarding stairs rather than more expensive jet ways. Ryan air has entered into in agreements on competitive terms with third party contractors at certain airports for traveller and aircraft handling, ticketing and other services that management believes can be more cost resourcefully provided by third parties. Management attempts to obtain competitive rates for such services by negotiating multi-year contracts at prices that are fixed or subject only to periodic increases related to inflation. One of the typical example is the price of aviation fuel which is directly related to the cost of oil but Ryan air control this through hedging. All these factors listed above contributed to a low variable cost of Ryan air, a key component in any successful yield management system and provide an opportunity for leverage against its major competitors. Critical analysis of the issues involved in the following article: BAA Airports: Notice of release of interim undertaking

The Evolution Of The Microprocessor :: essays research papers fc

Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors â€Å"clock† ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed

James Baldwins Go Tell It On the Mountain and Alice Sebolds The Lovel

James Baldwin's Go Tell It On the Mountain and Alice Sebold's The Lovely Bones In most religions, especially the Judeo-Christian faith, heaven or the afterlife is a place reserved for those who are able to somehow earn or receive an appointed place there during their life on earth. In the Christian tradition, those who attain eternal life are able to forgo the earthly pleasures that tempt them while they live, and form a separate entity that rejects carnality and remains obedient to God. While recognizing themselves as inherently sinful creatures, they seek to come as close as they can to the holiness of the divine during their life on earth, in order to reap the benefits after death. A separation from the world and an eventual union with the divine is seen as the ultimate goal of the believer. Life is but a means to a final spiritual end. James Baldwin’s novel Go Tell It On the Mountain effectively portrays these ideas through the lives of its many characters. In contrast to the Christian idea of rejecting carnality while alive to attain salvati on, Alice Sebold uses her novel The Lovely Bones to portray coming of age as developing an ability to embrace life and succeed in it despite the pain and evil it can contain, and to see life as a fleeting privilege that, lived well, is an ultimate goal in itself. One important issue that distinguishes the differences between the perspectives of the two novels is that of forgiveness and rejection. In Go Tell It On the Mountain, judgment of sinners is highly emphasized, even if the sinners in questions are family members. Once someone becomes saved, they are expected to reject all ties associated with the world. In Baldwin’s novel, the protagonist reflects that, â€Å"†¦h... ...t life for both the joy and pain it inflicts on all people. To Sebold, the divine can and is present in carnality. While the word has a traditionally negative connotation, here it is representative of all that is associated with life itself. In this novel, carnality is not sin; it is living. Alice Sebold presents a moving and telling novel of loss and gain, despair and great happiness. To her, the ability to live life, and the willingness to accept it, are the marks of maturity, and the definition of love. While Susie, alone in heaven, cannot live as her family does, she comes of age as she releases them to their lives and moves on in her own world without them. The reader knows, as the novel closes with Susie’s parting words, that their protagonist is at peace, and that love has indeed won out over despair. â€Å"I wish you all a long and happy life.†

Essay --

Every job has its ups and downs, but it just happened to be that we, as human beings, tend to drag our work problems with us to our personal life. Knowing how to separate work from personal life is hard, especially in today’s society considering the technology we have today. This research made me aware of the stress and everyday interactions that probation officers endure and I must admit, is more stressful than I thought. I have always imagined a probation officer’s job much more facile not having such a huge caseload, but like they say, ignorance is bliss. In the following essay, I will be discussing the findings about the stress of a probation officer. This first study did not mention exactly how many officers were used in this study but it stated that 39 to 55 percent have experienced work related violence or threats. (ncjrs.gov). Most of the work related stress did not come from the offenders but from the agency itself. There are three major types of stress in the probation world, high caseloads, paper work and lastly but not least deadlines. And as many jobs have it, about 87 percent blame their supervisor for one of the causes of stress. They said the lack of advancement of the job, and recognizing well job done. (ncjrs.gov). As we can see already, each and one of these stress actors is tied to another. Now the question to ask is how these strong and willing full individual deal and cope with their stress. Some said they took extra sick days just for themselves and other by going to church, venting with family, friends or co workers and others by exercising. (ncjrs.gov) There has been some suggestion to create stress relief programs. Few of the reasons to create relief stress programs is so probation officer will call out s... ...alifying ones.( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). Their reason was because of the salary of the job and format. They continue saying that one must be mature, tolerance, open minded, patience and self confidence. .( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). This brings up a good point. Wanting to be a community correction officer must be a job one loves and have passion for it because the pay and burnouts that come along with it are not the greatest. One most really consider all the option, pros, and cons of the job before take it. Being a probation officer is like working in the back of a movie scene. Also that one must seen the offender beyond their offense. .( White, Gasperin, Nystrom, Ambrose, Esarey). Trying to see the offender by their offense takes a lot of humbleness. It’s hard to see pass someone who molested a child or murder and innocent child

The Duration Of Coaching Csa Trinity Education Essay

Knowledge is deemed an indispensable portion of training within any clean environment. Furthermore, within any clean environment all managers require some sort of training cognition whether novitiate or expert in which constructed throughout life or coaching experiences. Coaching cognition is critical whether planning, coach/athlete relationship, analysing, and observation etc†¦ In which is important towards participants larning. Therefore, the intent of this paper is to find whether any cognition has been extended and how farther cognition can be constructed to heighten personal coaching towards accomplishing long clip personal end of expertness coaching. This will be completed via 20 completed hours with the CSA Trinity ( CSA ) and training Sessionss which were delivered within the 12 hebdomads at Oxford Brookes University to detect if any patterned advance from a novitiate to expert knowledge base manager. Phases of development Throughout the continuance of training CSA three Football Club training observations were deployed towards myself via feedback from participants and parents to find what training degree public presentation stood. Mention to appendix 5, manager public presentation feedback sheets. As Bloom ( 1985 ) provinces, three stages of the faculty include induction, development and flawlessness in which designed to better immature jocks within a suited environment and hence enhances the development of expertness. However, a somewhat different position from Dreyfus and Dreyfus ( 1986 ) whereby expertise accomplishment involves five phases of completion novitiate, advanced novice, competent, proficient and expert within anyone ‘s field of expertness. Conversely, farther surveies demonstrate several transmutations of athletics context as Cote ( 1999 ) adopted four phases and designed a faculty to raising and develop participants, but besides could drop out at different phases in required duri ng the sampling, specialising, investing and diversion stages. Another theoretical account as Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest managers ‘ demands of going an adept practician involve extended cognition base. However, in order to make drawn-out cognition base managers require commence through four phases of development, novitiate, competent, proficient and expert. Though each theoretical account demands are important in order for development to make a 1 ‘s end â€Å" expertness † significantly for different types of work industries and degrees of abilities. However, Hargreaves and bate ( 2009 ) province ; experience and cognition are good as developing and training the participants within the session to obtain improved accomplishments and cognition of the game, instead than running a session via accretion drills. Furthermore, Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) suggest, novice accent lay on participant ‘s behaviors than slightly developing the participant and hence, no future battle of cognition to better acquisition. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) continues, within the competent stage, cognition is consumed to diminish the sum of errors that occur, but every bit concerned with regulations, such as no speaking policy when manager is speaking. Therefore, competent coaching within the first five or six hebdomads at University and ( CSA ) as somewhat confounding due to letters of information received within talks. Consequently, deficiency of experience and cognition prevailed as proficient cognition, contemplations ; planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦ were slightly a learning stage and hence running alternatively of training a session in which no acquisition or developments took topographic point when presenting Sessionss. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and one to six hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. For that ground, building cognition was the following phase in order to accomplish a degree of proficiency as Perlus ( 2008 ) feels that, training cognition comes from personal experiences, i.e. playing the athletics, expertise degree and context etcaˆÂ ¦ and hence playing ability is indispensable in which refines training cognition. However, these properties would hold a certain grade of effectivity, although non indispensable to go an adept manager. For illustration, Linford Christie ‘s ex-coach Ron Roddan highest accomplishment was running for his county Middlesex and Jose Mourinho current Real Madrid director both encountered short low profile, playing callings. As Carter ( 2006 ) provinces, Jose Mourinho playing calling was really brief, nevertheless, during his brief enchantment as a participant whilst analyzing football methodological analysis within Lisbon ‘s Sports University. Therefore, increased his cognition base in which Mourinho encountered all phases t o expertise which lead him to assorted assistant/manager occupations at high-profile nines. However, deriving experience from old playing calling is non indispensable to derive expertness cognition. Whether professional jock or playing recreational athleticss expertness cognition can be gained through sheer finding and motive and create solid foundation within training. Therefore, indispensable for different facets to derive cognition, i.e. experiences, books, diaries, analyzing public presentation, playing experience and detecting other coaches- penetration into tactics and technique and feedback are important constituents to make coveted end of expertness. Mention to appendix 1,2,3,4 and 5 of portfolio. However, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern harmonizing to Ericsson and Charness ( 1994 ) , Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Ericsson et Al ( 1993 ) , Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) , cote ( 2006 ) and Gilbert et Al ( 2006 ) which are from different Fieldss and slightly indecisive within the continuance and experience to necessitate expertness cognition base. Nevertheless, all theories fluctuate and suggest five, 10 and 13 old ages, 3,000 to10,000 hours to make full potency. However, Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) provinces, adept cognition are neither familial nor typical features, but fineness within training which instruction and experience in which can be expanded over hours or old ages of deliberate pattern dependant on the single motive of success. Though, depending on what type of coach/person, sheer finding, personality, visions, passion, motive and ends etcaˆÂ ¦ you possess cognition. Hence, experience could be administered quicker to stand out from novi tiate to expert to accomplish the end they require as Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) points justly out. Finally, if required plenty cognition and content with the degree of coaching/knowledge, managers may choose to halt if gained a degree of efficiency. Another method which coaches concept cognition is formal, non-formal and informal manager larning whereby ongoing and womb-to-tomb development to build farther cognition in different organisations. As Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) study that, formal acquisition is institutionalized and organised instruction system with inactive or additive learning aims and chief focal point is the merchandise and non the procedure for illustration, course of study administrations i.e. BTEC, national government organic structure ( NGB ) classs and degrees-foundation grades etc.. â€Å" enfranchisement constructed † . For case Ehlers ( 1998 ) found that, disadvantages occur within formal larning ‘learners remember merely 20 % of the information presented during a formal lesson ‘ . Consequently, formal acquisition has no consideration for the individual/learner and low impact on cognition and hence, decreases the trouble of the demands of the manager. For illustration, managers, possibly hesitant when using cognition to pattern, when and how to train. Although, Nelson et Al ( 2006 ) , Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) , Smilde ( 2009 ) and Edwards et Al ( 2006 ) continues, non-formal acquisition takes topographic point outside formal acquisition within workshops, groups, administrations and best pattern etcaˆÂ ¦ acquisition does non happen, because, on the other manus good for basic apprehension. However, inordinately hard to mensurate if learning/knowledge has taking topographic point as no base on balls or fail occurs and hence, does non supply a model which is critical for building training cognition. Though, Informal larning consists of building cognition, developing accomplishments and behaviors which benefit training pattern via the usage of diaries, books, pictures and autonomy etcaˆÂ ¦ . Therefore, research and acquisition within the environment over ongoing life long procedure is good for expertness cognition. For illustration, detecting to dispute something, reflecting in ( within session ) and on ( after session ) pra ctical, proficient and critical jobs can make a deeper acquisition or development of training cognition. Mention to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training page 2 and 6. However, persons are slightly different and learn at different velocities, ways. Therefore, to make a sound cognition base, formal and non-formal acquisition would supply non merely enfranchisement, but a foundation for patterns, drills and the rudimentss apprehension of the coaching environment. However, informal, the most good, but using cognition from informal with the usage of the non-formal and informal would turn out slightly good for some persons within the coaching environment. Hence, persons learn otherwise i.e. in their ain in manner which they feel conformable, see different chances to detect the result themselves etcaˆÂ ¦ to accomplish a certain end. Areas of cognition The sentiment of Cassidy et Al ( 2004 ) and Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) is that, the work from researcher Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to content cognition required three subdivisions, capable affair content cognition ( SMCK ) refers to the manager and cognition to present a session i.e. nucleus accomplishments accomplished by the participants whilst the regulations are coached etcaˆÂ ¦ pedagogical content cognition ( PCK ) is the ability to learn or pass on whilst engaged with the ( SMCK ) participants. Finally, course of study content cognition ( CCK ) ‘tools of the trade ‘ as mentioned by Robyn et Al ( 2008 ) , intending explicating and analyzing the capable affair towards pupil acquisition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) suggests, Shulman ‘s work is a great get downing point in respects to content cognition. However, Metzler ( 2000 ) continues, farther dislocation of the current constituents into a farther three classs declarative, procedural and conditional cognition would be good as it would go confidant within the designated athletics. Therefore, Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) portion the same position in that declaratory cognition ( DK ) in which managers explains and show verbally or within a written format, i.e. the cognition about and facts and things. Metzler ( 2000 ) and Bush and Roberts ( 2011 ) continue, procedural cognition ( PK ) , intending â€Å" knowledge how too/ how to accomplish it † i.e. how to execute a undertaking or process and conditional cognition refers to when and why to make something and what happens if. Refer to appendix 6, readings-development of adept training pages 5-6. However, both Metzler ( 2000 ) and Shulman ( 1986 ) in respects to all classs are slightly good when using both methods together within the coaching environment whereby managers can better participants ‘ public presentations and hence, larning takes topographic point as the cognition to acquire something done had occurred â€Å" adept Coaches † . Mention to appendix 2 Sessionss plans 9 and 10 of both under 8 ‘ & As ; 11 ‘s. The latter phases of the 20 hours training and lectures going more confident as expanded cognition and experience was clearly apparent as some larning took topographic point. Therefore, proficient cognition, reflections/evaluating, planning, coach/athlete relationship and coaching manners etcaˆÂ ¦were developing together non merely certain facets of coaching. However, due to huge accrued cognition and experience proficient cognition base was more distinguished, but still needs betterment. Mention to appendix 4, brooding journal and seven to ten hebdomads of session evaluations/reflections for under 8 ‘s and 11 ‘s. Though, concentrating more on the participants ‘ performance/development, participant battle instead than running a session as before. However, expert knowledge more formidable and hence, more cognition and experience required to make lifetime end â€Å" adept cognition base manager † . As Schempp et Al ( 2006 ) Wiman et Al ( 2010 ) conclude to derive expertness cognition involves changeless planning for coveted results of Sessionss, deriving cognition all the clip via diaries, books, workshops, programmes which involve enfranchisement etc.aˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, larning and detecting from other adept managers, experience etc†¦ Refer to appendix 5, peer observations-strengths/weaknesses Decision Given this grounds, it can be seen that managers get cognition they need to be effectual and adept manager via different methods through a figure of formal, non-formal and informal acquisition environments. However, larning is diverse and dynamic procedure in which is really typical and hence, different to being taught something within instruction. Therefore, indispensable to derive cognition through all types of experiences from playing recreational to professional athleticss, reading diaries or books, written work, workshops programmes which involve enfranchisement etcaˆÂ ¦ Furthermore, deriving expert cognition requires hours and old ages of deliberate pattern all dependant on what type of attitude the coach/person requires as sheer finding, passion, and motive to make the coveted ends could stand out towards the journey of dream end â€Å" adept manager † .

Prepare a Report

How to Write a Project idea 1. Why is the cut across important? If you give c ar to secure a frank pelf for your witness, it is abruptly essential that you bring surface a relegate cogitation. It is the stem which is label, no the chopine or anything else you energy occupy constructed during the externalize stop. No find how homeificant your achievements, if you do non economize up your stimulate, and relieve it up easy, you bequeath for obtain a ridiculous speciate. It is essential to at a lower placestand that the nonify pass on be study and st sensationed by a number of examiners (normally 2 4), wholly one of whom your executive program depart bring any familiarity with the work which the announce card follows.Examiners atomic number 18 non mind- shewers, and cannot give extension for work which you deplete done scarcely not involved in the score. 2. What ar the examiners looking for? Each intercommunicate report is aimed in itially by devil examiners, one of whom is the supervisor. Each examiner fills in an onlinemark convention, giving marks for versatile eyeshots of the report and an overall mark. Studying the mark sheet allow for give you a good idea of what aspects of the report atomic number 18 important. The notes to examiners which accompany the mark sheet white plague the terms perfect, instead good, abysmal and so on to describe the attri alonees of a extra numerical mark (e. . 5 is satisfactory). at that clothe is a disjoint account which goes into great circumstance approximately what precisely satisfactory factor in particular contexts, notwithstanding Im not sure that these definitions argon astray employ roughly examiners believe that they puzzle an unblemished and objective understanding of what is satisfactory. product line that supervisors mogul specify on the mark sheet that a particular aspect of the declargon oneself is to be assessed for example, a round of the suffer field of honor even if that argona is not covered in the project report.Decisions on what is to be assessed be the supervisors responsibility, nevertheless you should be aw ar of the standard clearanceings, bet sharefully about what you present (or do not present) under apiece, and discuss and ascertain it with your supervisor. Remember that your report is an academic dissertation, not a popular article or commercial proposal. For example, p look upably than describing sole(prenominal) a series of events and a final product, gauge to establish criteria, present arguments, derive principles, mold and answer enquires, measure success, analyse alternatives nd so on. Where a project has been under bear awayn with industrial support, the significance of that support for the project, and the relevance of the project to the supporting industry, should be discussed. 3. The mechanics of authorship The problem you abide to solve is this to delegate your give experiences of doing the project, and the knowledge you stand gained, from your creative th signer onto paper in a coherent, coherent and correct form. There are some(prenominal) ways of achieving this. Different authors confirm distinct techniques.My own regularity, which I think is quite universal among expert authors, is to compile as rapidly as I can, without look for coherency, structure or invest, until I have written kill (or rather, typed in) all the points I can think of. If my wag is runway faster than my fingers and a thought pops into my head which belongs in an early(a) part of the document, I skitter to the leftover of the scallywag and inaugurate a few intelligence services in that location to remind me to expand that point later, indeed resume where I was. The aim is to conduct as oft relevant strong from superstar to paper as quickly as practicable. This mode has been called the brain launch.It is practised, I think, by some backingr s of assembly as vigorous as by techno tenacious authors. After deuce-ace hours of brain throw out I major power have foursome or five pages of disorganize text. I then spend whitethornhap sextet hours displace the text into order and tightening up the prose, after which I might have threesome pages of good-quality prose. This method of penning is an iterative process, with periods of brain dumping alternating with periods of tidying-up. At the rate of three pages of polished text e very nine hours, a typical 60-page PR3 project report pass on assume you about four weeks to complete, working full- cartridge holder.You essential(prenominal) allow clock to prepare the appendices (e. g. schedule listings) and exercises. nifty-quality illustrations, in particular, take a long time to prepare. You should then allow at leastsix weeksto publish the report. If you kept a note-book during the project period, you ordain knock the indite-up process very often easie r. 4. How to write wellspring some students advance not to actuallyize how difficult it is to write well. Any type of writing (except perchance advertising reproduction) is difficult, scarce technical writing is particularly hard. There are umteen a(prenominal) an(prenominal) books which address the subject of good technical writing.By distant the better(p) among those which I have seen isScientists Must Writeby Robert Barrass (1982). though published over twenty old age ago, this superb elflike book is quench in print. There are several(prenominal) copies in the J. B. Morrell library, barely since it costs only ? 11. 19 (from theInternet Bookshop), you would be well advised to buy a imitation and to meditate it from cover to cover. 4. 1. Precision You must strive first to be absolutely precise. When you write, it is not plenteous thatyouknow what you baseborn neither is it sufficient that your writing admits of the have in minding which you intend it must adm it of no other content.What you write must not be capable of misinterpretation. Take prodigious care to fill the right rallying cry for the occasion. Do not, for example, write optimum if you pie-eyed value good. Approximate intend dummy up, so very approximate means very block which is not what many people attend to think it means. 4. 2. brawn Precision in writing is in the main a proceeds of winning sufficient care. Good writing is not only precise, provided, it isvigorous, and that is much harder to achieve. It befriends if you have make widely, oddly novels. Here are some hints which might help you to write forcefully and vigorously.Prefer briefly decrys to long times. Prefer short row to long words, provided that the short word has the meaning you hold. Terseness is a great virtue in technical writing. (But dont go too far remember Horaces observation Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio. ) Avoid circumlocutions. In al near all sectors of the computing food market can be replaced in nigh contexts by almost everywhere. The question of whether to determination up the passive voice in technical writing is a barbellate one. almost older writers as yet write a program was written rather than I wrote a program . Many of your examiners might share this p grapheme for, or prejudice in favour of, the passive voice, but this modality is passing out of favour in all technical writing, and I advise you not to subprogram it. Whatever you do, do not use the royal we (we wrote a program when you mean I wrote a program). There is general agreement that Latin phrases are best ward offed in technical writing (but the occasional Latin quotation might lend a mean airmanship of erudition ) Nevertheless, many careful writers have their own favourite Latin phrases which bewilder occasional use.The best rule is that a Latin phrase is acceptable if it abbreviates a circumlocutionary side phrase. Mutatis mutandis, for example, one of my own favo urites, is tolerable in place of making the charm changes, since any English gloss seems to be ugly and unwieldy. I. e. (note the roman font and punctuation) is frequently useful in place of in other words or that is, and is widely understand. Quite much, however, X, i. e. ,Y can be replaced by Y, because the writer agnise while writingXthatYsaid the same, only better. E. g. is overuse and best utilize sparingly prefer for instance or for example. 4. 3. Spelling and grammar You must take exceptional care to circuit correctly. short spell is a distraction to the right reader. In most cases there is very little excuse nowadays for spell errors there are many nice recite checker programs which trace a good job of finding the errors for you, and excellent (paper) dictionaries which go forth tell you what the correct recite is. Be especially careful with words whose universalplace spell is a correct spelling of a different word, in particular the sideline pairs lead /led open(a)/lose affect/effect.It is dangerous to allow the spell-checker to correct a misspelling by itself many such(prenominal) humorous corrections have been reported, for example late inNew Scientist. Believe the spell-checker. real many people, for example, on finding that the spell-checker questions idiosyncracy sic, say to themselves it must be deficient from the dictionary file, and leave the word alone. It is for a good reason. If you have a medical condition which makes it difficult for you to spell correctly, make sure that your supervisor knows about it, so that it can be interpreted into account by the examiners.If poor spelling is a distraction which crams understanding, poor grammar is to a greater extent so. There are so many potential well-formed solecisms that it would be conflicting to attempt to list them here. Read Fowlers neo English Usagefor guidance. This book has been rewrite several times since its first result in 1926. The most recent (1998) pas seul is probably the best to use, not because its recommendations are much permissive or up-to-date, but because it draws attention to traps which it would not have occurred to Fowler in 1926 that anyone could fall into.The original 1926 edition is illustrious for its vigorous, fiery language, which has been successively watered down in later revisions. Take care with apostrophes. Historically, the apostrophe denoted the omission of one or more(prenominal) letters dont = do not, tins book = John his book. For this reason, careful writers of British English resile the possessive case use of the apostrophe to animate proprietors. You may write Johns book but not the programs function, since (so the argument goes) one cannot write the program his function you must write the function of the program instead.This rule is existence steadily eroded under American influence, and will probably soon be obsolete. I mention the animate possessor rule in order to instance and to expl ain a very common bungle. Neveruse an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun. Its means it is (the letter thats move outted is an i),notit his, which is plain silly. One never sees spurious apostrophes in his, hers, ours, yours, theirs so why does one so often see its in place of its, which is the correct possessive pronoun?The brain of the experienced reader, on seeing its, performs a lexical-level macro-expansion, replacing its by it is. This then fails to make syntactic sense in the context, necessitating a backtracking and re-parsing operation, and certified expenditure of effort. It truly does diminish down, and consequently annoy, the reader. This crass and ignorant blunder probably does more to distract and to impede the reader of students reports than any other grammatical solecism. Summary its = it is (needed rarely, if at all, in pro forma writing). Its is the pronoun (This is my program.Its purpose is to .) You almost for certain mean its. Even if you yourself do no t place a strong emphasis on good spelling and good grammar, most of your examiners do, some fanatically. Most examiners will be irritated by poor spelling and poor grammar. It is always worth doing some(prenominal) you can, short of bribery, to put your examiner in a good mood. Write well and spell well, for this reason if for no other 4. 4. Typography When I prepared my own final-year project report, I wrote it with pen and ink and handed the manuscript to the departmental secretarial assistant who typed it for me on an IBM typewriter.Modern practice is different, and now you yourself are responsible for producing a computer-typeset report. This means that you must be familiar both with the nut requirements set out in the Students handbook (restricting the number of pages, type size, width of margins, and so on) and with the rudiments of typography. You will not be penalized severely, if at all, if you violate typographical conventions, but good typography creates a subliminal impression akin to that of good equilibrium in a painting, and is desirable for that reason. Since it is a matter of simply learning and following the rules, you should try to do so.You should learn at least plenteous (for example) to know the expiration between the hyphen, minus, en-dash and em-dash, and when to use each of them. The best and most famous typographical reference book isRules for compositors and readers at the University Press, Oxfordby Horace Hart, know colloquially and universally as Harts Rules. It is a small book which you should probably read from cover to cover, but you may skip the component part on Russian writing system if your report contains no Russian words. This book, equivalent Fowler, has been revised continually since its first issuance (in 1904, though it was in use inside the O. U. P. ince 1893). The latest edition is dated 1983. It is still in print, almost a coulomb after its first publication, and at ? 8. 79 (from theInternet Bookshop), w ell worth buying. 4. 5. Illustrations Your report should generally contain illustrations (figures or diagrams), but they must be relevant. Ask yourself if the illustration helps the reader to understand the text. If the text is promptly comprehensible without the illustration, delete the illustration. If it is not, it is unremarkably better to make the text clearer than to add a diagram. All illustrations should be prepared by an appropriate program, such aspic,xfigorgrap.They should not be hand-drawn. The only common exception to this rule is circuit diagrams apt(p) the current state of the art in schematic-entry packages, a hand-drawn circuit diagram is usually preferable to a computer-drawn one. If possible, include figures close to the text which refers to them, rather than all together in an appendix. Circuit diagrams are, again, a possible exception to this rule. It is normal to list tables and figures at the theme of the report, after the table of contents. 5. expressio n Saepe stilum vertas. Horace 5. 1. Top-level structure At the top level, a typical report is organized in the following way. 1.Abstract. (This is a couple of paragraphs no more which summarizes the content of the report. It must be comprehensible to someone who has not read the rest of the report. ) 2. Introduction. (The scope of the project, setting the prospect for the remainder of the report. ) 3. Previous work. (One or more review chapters, describing the research you did at the beginning of the project period. ) 4. some(prenominal) chapters describing what you have done, nidus on the novel aspects of your own work. 5. hike up work. (A chapter describing possible ways in which your work could be continued or developed. Be imaginative but realistic. ) 6.Conclusions. (This is similar to the abstract. The difference is that you should assume here that the reader of the conclusions has read the rest of the report. ) 7. References and appendices. 5. 2. References References must be relevant. A typical PR3 project report might contain about one page of pertinent references, if the initial research period was well spent. Do not include references which you have not read, no matter how relevant you think they might be. If you refer to standard satisfying which is covered by a large number of text-books, choose one or two really good ones and cite those, rather than a long list of mediocre texts.There are many styles for citing references. Although strict standards (e. g. British Standards) for citing references exist, my advice is not to bother with them instead, find a time-honoured journal in the library and copy its style. Alternatively, copy the example below. Its important to be consistent, complete and unambiguous beyond that, it doesnt matter much what you do. Example reference style Citations in textMander, in Notes on a system stipulation method Mander 1983, gives the following as described by Briggs 1983a Thimblebys pointlines Thimbleby 198 3 suggest that Different methodologies have been examined Tully 1983. Several recent publications in this field Wand 1980d, ACM 1971 have been very influential. List of references at end of report References ACM 1971. Association for Computing Machinery, countenance symposium on problems in the optimisation of data communication systems, ACM (1971). Briggs 1983a. J. S. Briggs, The design of AIR and its use in adenosine deaminase separate compilation, inSERC intact kithop on Ada software digs interfaces, ed. P. J. Wallis, University of Bath (1983). Downes 1982. V. A. Downes, S. J. Goldsack,Programming introduce systems with Ada, Prentice-Hall (1982). Mander 1983. K. C. Mander,Notes on a system specification method, York Computer Science report no. 61, University of York (1983). Thimbleby 1983. H. W. Thimbleby, Guidelines for manipulative text editing,Behaviour and discipline Technology,2, 127 161 (1983). If you adopt this style, when you cite a reference, you need not repeat the authors name or authors names (Jones and Sanderson Jones & Sanderson 1999 have shown ).Write instead Jones and Sanderson 1999 have shown , and list the reference as Jones & Sanderson 1999. Alternatively, a system of numbered references, such as the neglect format produced by the Unixrefertool in conjunction withtroff, is acceptable. I myself much prefer numbered citation styles, which I find much less obtrusive and easier on the eye e. g. Jones and Sanderson? have shown or Jones and Sanderson 1 have shown . These forms, which are allowed by the regulations in the Handbook, seem to be the two dominant citation styles in academic journals.You may longing to refer to electronic sources, particularly material found on the World-Wide Web. It is not enough to put found on network in place of a citation. The weather vane page Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic selective information gives advice on citing on-line sources. If possible, avoid citing unpublish ed literature. It is however acceptable to cite university reports, such as this Departments YCS series, and PhD theses (although getting hold of the latter(prenominal) can be almost impossible). References are always cited in the text. Other works youve made use of but not cited should be listed in a air division called Bibliography.Note that et al. requires a period after the abridgment al. (for alia). It means and others, and may be used only to refer to people, typically in lists of references. It is the animate form of etc. , which likewise requires a period. 5. 3. Lower-level structure Structure is a recursive concept. A well-structured report has its top-level sections well ordered, and it is easy to get this right but each section must in itself be well ordered, and that is more difficult. Most paper documents, and many on-line documents, are read linearly from beginning to end.This is certainly true of an examiner reading a project report. Consequently, the writer of a well-structured document avoids forward references wherever possible. Try to avoid writing as we shall see in chapter 10, , especially if the material in chapter 10 is essential to an understanding of the text at the point where the reference occurs. Occasionally such references are unavoidable, but more often than not they are a sign that the text needs to be re-ordered. In the old days, re-ordering text entailed cutting and pasting with real scissors and real paste.Nowadays, the word-processor has made these operations so easy that there is no excuse for slovenly structure. Take your time, and keep rearranging words or phrases within sentences, sentences within paragraphs, paragraphs within sections and sections within the whole report until you have got it right. Aim for a logical progression from beginning to end, with each sentence come oning on the previous ones. If the chapters are numbered 1, 2, 3, , then the sections within (say) chapter 1 will be numbered 1. 1, 1. 2, . It is permissible to sub-divide a section the sub-sections within section 1. 1 will be numbered 1. . 1, 1. 1. 2, . Do not however nest sub-sections to more than four levels sub-sub-section 1. 2. 3. 4 is acceptable, but 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 is not. It is quite possible, with care, to write even a large and complicated book without using more than three levels. Footnotes are a nuisance to the reader. They disclose the linear flow of text and call for a mental stack-pushing and stack-popping which demand conscious effort. There are rare make when walkers are acceptable, but they are so rare that it is best to avoid them altogether. To take away a footnote, first try putting it in-line, surrounded by parentheses.It is likely that the poor structure which was disguised by the footnote apparatus will then grow apparent, and can be improved by cutting and pasting. 6. The role of artefacts in projects deeply down, all students seem to believe that their project is to write a program ( or, to build a circuit). They believe that they will be judged by how much their program does. They are amazed when their supervisor is nonchalant about the inclusion or non-inclusion of a listing in the report. They fear that they will be penalized if their program is small-scale or if they do not make highfaluting claims for its power and functionality.This leads to reports heavy with code and assertions about code, but light on reasoning. Students omit the reasoning because they are short of time and think the code more important, and thereby they lose credit they could have had. It leads in addition to the omission of testing. Hence there are assertions about the extent of implementation, but no present (in the form of records of testing) to back them up. In summary, credit for the implementation is not the whole story you should not feel under pressure to make claims that you cannot support.Your reports should clearly separate specification, design, implementation and testi ng. The program doesX should more honestly be I precious the program to doX I designed it to do nearly-X I enforced it to do most-of-X my testing shows that it did some-of-X(and here is the evidence of that). Taking this advice into account can much improve your mark. 7. You and your supervisor Writing is a solitary pursuit. Whereas your supervisor will guide you through the early stages of your project work, you must write the report on your own.It is a University assessment, and the rules on plagiarism and collusion (do shoot the breeze the Students Handbook ), and the conventions which restrict the amount of help a supervisor can give, apply. Nevertheless, most supervisors will be happy to read and to comment on drafts of sections of your project report before you hand it in, if you give them enough time to do so. Its also a good idea to ask your supervisor to suggest some high-quality past projects in a similar field to yours, and to look them up in the departmental library.Th is will give you an idea of what is required. 8. Summary 1. Good writing is difficult, but it is worth taking the trouble to write well. 2. Leonard was trying to form his style on Ruskin he understood him to be the greatest master of English prose. He read forward steadily, now and again making a few notes. let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the shafts enough has been said already), what is very peculiar(a) to this church service its luminousness. Was there anything to be learnt from this fine sentence?Could he adapt it to the needs of passing(a) life? Could he introduce it, with modifications, when he next wrote a letter to his brother, the gear up reader? For example Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the absence of airing enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this jejune its obscurity. Something told him that the modifications would not do and that somethin g, had he known it, was the spirit of English Prose. My flat is dark as well as stuffy. Those were the words for him.